Figure 1.

An overview of cognitive dysfunction in depression and its corresponding brain regions. The abnormal functional connectivity of the amygdala, hippocampus, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) illustrates the mutual influence between emotions, memory, and higher-level generalization, contributing to a negative processing system in depression and a significant driver of negative cognitive bias. Additionally, the integration of vmPFC and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) extends this information, introducing biases not only toward the external world but also toward oneself. This biased thinking intensifies the reception of negative information, establishing a closed loop.