Table 3.
Baseline and endline estimates within arm and difference between arms in changes from baseline to endline (n = 183)
| Intervention (n = 104) | Control (n = 79) | Difference between arms in changes between baseline and endline | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (SE) | End-line (SE) | Baseline (SE) | End-line (SE) | Estimate (SE) | p-value | |
| Depressive symptoms: PHQ-9 score (0–27) | 9.18 (0.450) | 5.50 (0.490) | 6.40 (0.446) | 7.40 (0.603) | − 5.01 (0.905) | < 0.001 |
| Common mental disorders: SSQ score (0–14) | 8.10 (0.290) | 6.38 (0.420) | 6.31 (0.314) | 7.43 (0.412) | − 3.10 (0.605) | < 0.001 |
| Perceived social support: MSPSS scores | ||||||
| Family (0–7) | 4.86 (0.141) | 5.43 (0.130) | 5.41 (0.162) | 4.90 (0.201) | 1.03 (0.266) | < 0.001 |
| Friends (0–7) | 3.53 (0.171) | 4.31 (0.155) | 3.81 (0.234) | 2.89 (0.203) | 1.61 (0.352) | < 0.001 |
| Significant other (0–7) | 5.44 (0.118) | 5.57 (0.115) | 5.78 (0.136) | 5.19 (0.205) | 0.691 (0.229) | 0.003 |
| Overall (0–7) | 4.61 (0.116) | 5.10 (0.0974) | 5.00 (0.134) | 4.33 (0.169) | 1.11 (0.218) | < 0.001 |
| Peer & significant adult support: PSAS scores | ||||||
| Q1 (0–3) | 1.65 (0.0698) | 2.09 (0.0750) | 2.00 (0.0766) | 2.05 (0.0944) | 0.466 (0.137) | 0.001 |
| Q2 (0–3) | 1.38 (0.0844) | 1.86 (0.0790) | 1.43 (0.0936) | 1.48 (0.108) | 0.388 (0.188) | 0.041 |
| Q3 (0–3) | 1.63 (0.0773) | 1.86 (0.0858) | 2.01 (0.0903) | 1.78 (0.119) | 0.474 (0.169) | 0.006 |
| Q4 (0–3) | 1.29 (0.0868) | 1.63 (0.0888) | 1.22 (0.104) | 1.28 (0.125) | 0.247 (0.202) | 0.224 |
| Q5 (0–3) | 1.78 (0.0789) | 2.00 (0.0831) | 2.00 (0.0938) | 1.91 (0.123) | 0.310 (0.181) | 0.089 |
| Q6 (0–3) | 1.92 (0.0662) | 1.76 (0.0803) | 1.71 (0.101) | 1.72 (0.113) | − 0.173 (0.160) | 0.279 |
| Q7 (0–3) | 1.32 (0.0792) | 1.78 (0.0885) | 1.72 (0.106) | 1.21 (0.125) | 0.907 (0.189) | < 0.001 |
| Q8 (0–3) | 1.21 (0.0839) | 1.64 (0.0830) | 1.63 (0.109) | 1.09 (0.115) | 0.917 (0.172) | < 0.001 |
| Q9 (0–3) | 1.02 (0.0813) | 1.48 (0.0885) | 1.07 (0.102) | 0.901 (0.115) | 0.644 (0.179) | < 0.001 |
| Q10 (0–3) | 1.03 (0.0848) | 1.68 (0.0888) | 1.04 (0.0956) | 0.988 (0.120) | 0.700 (0.177) | < 0.001 |
| Q11 (0–3) | 1.06 (0.0706) | 1.61 (0.0813) | 1.26 (0.0995) | 1.05 (0.111) | 0.798 (0.171) | < 0.001 |
| Q12 (0–3) | 1.41 (0.0728) | 1.89 (0.0885) | 1.70 (0.0846) | 1.74 (0.111) | 0.436 (0.149) | 0.004 |
| Overall (0–3) | 1.39 (0.0462) | 1.77 (0.0462) | 1.57 (0.0540) | 1.43 (0.0646) | 0.508 (0.0884) | < 0.001 |
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Utilized to screen, diagnose, monitor, and measure the severity of depression. The score of the PHQ-9 was the total of nine items each with responses 0–3. Categories of the total score were: 0–4 minimal depression, 5–9 mild depression, 10–14 moderate depression, 15–19 moderately severe depression, 20–27 severe depression. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.839
Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ) A culturally common mental disorders (CMD) screening tool that is intended for use in Zimbabwe. The SSQ questions are emic as well as etic, in which the 14-item SSQ are strong predictors of a mental health disorder. Participants who score 7 or below are defined as not having a CMD. Participants who score 8 or more are defined as having a CMD. The overall score was a mean. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.833
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) A 12-item tool used to assess social support using a Likert scale. The tool measures social support from three categories: family, friends, and significant other. Results ranging from 1 to 2.9 could be considered low support; a score of 3–5 could be considered moderate support; a score from 5.1 to 7 could be considered high support. The subscores and overall score were means of items. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.890
Peer and Significant Adult Support (PSAS) Survey A self-report tool developed by the research team with adapted items from various scales and new items added to gauge participants’ peer and significant other support on a Likert scale of 0 (not at all), 1 (some of the time), 2 (most of the time), and 3 (all the time). Survey items include PSAS Q1-I feel lonely; PSAS Q2-I feel engaged with my peers; PSAS Q3-I feel engaged with significant adults in my life; PSAS Q4-I feel supported by my peers; PSAS Q5-I feel supported by significant adults in my life; PSAS Q6-I am willing to ask for help; PSAS Q7-I know who I can turn to for help; PSAS Q8-I know where I can turn to for help; PSAS Q9-I have coping strategies to manage the challenges in my life; PSAS Q10-I have parenting strategies to manage the challenges in my life; PSAS Q11-I have communication strategies to manage the challenges in my life; PSAS Q12-I feel happy. The overall score was the mean of the 12 items. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.817