Table 4.

Intravenous administration of allogeneic MSCs in DKD patients

MSC source	Age	DM type	Sample	Sample distribution	No. of injections	Injection method	Results	Phase	Adverse events (n)	Follow up (m)	Ref
BM-MPC	Placebo: 74:8 ± 7:9 y, Lower dose MSCs: 70:5 ± 7:4 y Higher dose MSCs: 64:8 ± 10:1 y	T2DM	30	150 × 106/kg (lower dose) or 300 × 106/kg (higher dose)	Single dose	IV	↔ eGFR, albuminuria ↔ lipid profile ↔ blood pressure ↔ serum C-reactive protein, TNF-α ↓ serum IL-6	I/II	None	12	[152]
BM-MSC	Placebo: 54–66 y, ORBCEL-M: 66–73 y	T2DM	16	ORBCEL-M (80 × 106 cells)	Single dose	IV	↔ eGFR, ↓ annual mGFR decline in groups  ↔ UACR, ↔ Safety, = blood glucose; HbA1c; serum total cholesterol; serum triglycerides; and serum C-reactive protein, ↑ sTNFR1, 1NGAL, sVCAM-1, Tregs	1b/IIa	None	18	[153]

mGFR measured glomerulus filtration rate, Tregs regulatory T cells, sTNFR1 tumor necrosis factor receptor 1,NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, sVCAM-1 soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, IV intravenous

↔ represents a no significant change or impact in either direction

↓ indicates a downward or decreasing effect

= represents stability as values or parameters remain unchanged or steady over time

↑ indicates increasing levels