Table 3.
Standardized factor loadings for the general and specific factors in the S-1 Bifactor models.
| Estimates for adolescents | Estimates for adults | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | β | S.E. | β | S.E. |
| General factor | ||||
| 1. Personally attack him/her | 0.24–0.34 | 0.034–0.044 | 0.25–0.35 | 0.037–0.066 |
| 2. Focusing on the problem at hand | −0.14–0.02 | 0.037–0.052 | −0.12–−0.38 | 0.035–0.073 |
| 3. Remaining silent for long periods of time | 0.33–0.63 | 0.025–0.051 | 0.51–0.68 | 0.024–0.059 |
| 4. *Not being willing to stick up for myself | 0.16–0.43 | 0.034–0.042 | 0.22–0.52 | 0.037–0.064 |
| 5. Exploding and getting out of control | 0.36–0.51 | 0.032–0.037 | 0.27–0.38 | 0.035–0.063 |
| 6. Sitting down and discussing differences constructively | −0.09–−0.29 | 0.034–0.039 | −0.30–−0.53 | 0.032–0.071 |
| 7. Reaching a limit, “shutting down,” and refusing to talk any further | 0.50–0.72 | 0.022–0.037 | 0.63–0.80 | 0.018–0.048 |
| 8. Being too compliant | 0.15–0.45 | 0.034–0.047 | 0.11–0.41 | 0.036–0.065 |
| 9. Getting carried away and saying things that aren't meant | 0.43–0.62 | 0.031–0.037 | 0.37–0.44 | 0.034–0.058 |
| 10. Finding alternatives that are acceptable to each of us | −0.02–−0.31 | 0.035–0.039 | −0.27–−0.45 | 0.033–0.077 |
| 11. Tuning the other person out | 0.70–0.80 | 0.021–0.032 | 0.62–0.80 | 0.020–0.047 |
| 12. *Not defending my position | 0.20–0.46 | 0.032–0.043 | 0.24–0.51 | 0.036–0.070 |
| 13. Throwing insults and digs | 0.39–0.52 | 0.031–0.037 | 0.30–0.55 | 0.034–0.056 |
| 14. Negotiating and compromising | −0.04 to −0.26 | 0.034–0.038 | −0.14–−0.42 | 0.036–0.074 |
| 15. Withdrawing, acting distant and not interested | 0.69–0.79 | 0.018–0.032 | 0.67–0.81 | 0.019–0.041 |
| 16. Giving in with little attempt to present my side of the issue | 0.24–0.44 | 0.033–0.049 | 0.27–0.45 | 0.034–0.062 |
| 17. Getting so angry that I do not know what I am doing anymore | 0.35–0.51 | 0.030–0.043 | 0.25–0.41 | 0.034–0.063 |
| 18. Searching for a solution that is good for both of us | −0.06–−0.34 | 0.035–0.045 | −0.25–−0.43 | 0.034–0.079 |
| 19. *Not responding to him/her anymore | 0.74–0.85 | 0.016–0.036 | 0.72–84 | 0.016–0.038 |
| 20. Let him/her have his/her own way | 0.14–0.41 | 0.033–0.049 | 0.10–0.32 | 0.036–0.067 |
| Conflict engagement | ||||
| 1. Personally attack him/her | 0.36–0.59 | 0.042–0.080 | 0.36–0.67 | 0.029–0.076 |
| 5. Exploding and getting out of control | 0.48–0.61 | 0.037–0.080 | 0.56–0.69 | 0.032–0.067 |
| 9. Getting carried away and saying things that aren't meant | 0.32–0.68 | 0.035–0.081 | 0.60–0.71 | 0.034–0.066 |
| 13. Throwing insults and digs | 0.41–0.56 | 0.037–0.069 | 0.35–0.64 | 0.033–0.063 |
| 17. Getting so angry that I do not know what I am doing anymore | 0.38–0.61 | 0.043–0.088 | 0.36–0.53 | 0.035–0.083 |
| Positive problem solving | ||||
| 2. Focusing on the problem at hand | 0.39–0.65 | 0.030–0.044 | 0.33–0.52 | 0.036–0.080 |
| 6. Sitting down and discussing differences constructively | 0.59–0.74 | 0.021–0.030 | 0.46–0.65 | 0.031–0.070 |
| 10. Finding alternatives that are acceptable to each of us | 0.78–0.86 | 0.017–0.024 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.025–0.050 |
| 14. Negotiating and compromising | 0.73–0.84 | 0.017–0.025 | 0.58–0.74 | 0.029–0.065 |
| 18. Searching for a solution that is good for both of us | 0.82–0.88 | 0.015–0.029 | 0.76–0.85 | 0.022–0.044 |
| Compliance | ||||
| 4. *Not being willing to stick up for myself | 0.31–0.54 | 0.034–0.055 | 0.28–0.63 | 0.042–0.085 |
| 8. Being too compliant | 0.54–0.68 | 0.034–0.063 | 0.40–0.70 | 0.042–0.078 |
| 12. *Not defending my position | 0.35–0.53 | 0.037–0.065 | 0.26–0.63 | 0.041–0.081 |
| 16. Giving in with little attempt to present my side of the issue | 0.43–0.60 | 0.033–0.059 | 0.53–0.69 | 0.042–0.085 |
| 20. Let him/her have his/her own way | 0.47–0.55 | 0.035–0.059 | 0.37–0.60 | 0.043–0.082 |
*Items coded on the reverse. More than 99% of the factor loadings on the general factor in adults were significant. More than 93% of the factor loadings on the general factor in adolescents were significant. All the non-significant factor loadings on the general factor regarded items belonging to the positive problem-solving dimension. All factor loadings for the specific factors were significant. In youths, about 50% of the factor loadings on the general factor were ≥ 0.40, and 64% of them were ≥ 0.30. In adults, about 47% of the factor loadings were ≥ 0.40, and about 80% of the factor loadings were ≥ 0.30.