Table 2.
Study intervention and outcome reporting characteristics.
| Study | Interventions | Type | Frequency (times/week) | Duration | PS | NS | GP | PT | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG | CG | EG | CG | |||||||
| T. Mullapudi, 2023 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | ≥ 3 | NR | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| N. M. Khonsari, 2022 | Power bike/invisible jump rope | TUA | MHAE | TUA | 3 | 40 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Y. Kurebayashi, 2022 | Aerobics, form of your choice (60% HRmax) | TUA | MHAE | TUA | 2 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| N. P. Rao, 2021 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | 3 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| N. Massa, 2020 | Power bike (50–80% HRmax) | Stretching and Balancing Exercises | MHAE | SE | 3 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| M. Li, 2020 | Baduanjin | Brisk walking | CTS | LAE | 5 | 40 min | ✓ | |||
| T. Shimada, 2019 | Treadmills/power bike (60–80% aerobic capacity) | TUA | MHAE | TUA | 2 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| A. J. Romain, 2019 | Treadmill interval training (80% HRmax) | TUA | MHAE | TUA | 2 | 30 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| P. W. Wang, 2018 | AE | Flexibility, stretching exercises | MHAE | SE | 5 | 40 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| D. Curcic, 2017 | Brisk walking or jogging (60–70% HRmax) | TUA | MHAE | TUA | 4 | 45 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| S. Ikai, 2017 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | 2 | 20 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| C.Y. Su, 2016 | Treadmill exercise (55–69% HRmax) | Flexibility, stretching exercises | MHAE | SE | 3 | 40 min | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| R. Kang, 2016 | Tai Chi | TUA | CTS | TUA | 0.5 | 45 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| A. Kaltsatou, 2015 | Traditional dances | TUA | CTS | TUA | NR | NR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| S. Y. Loh, 2016 | Walking | TUA | LAE | TUA | 3 | 20–40 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| S. Ikai, 2014 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | 1 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| S. Ikai, 2013 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | 1 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| T. W. Scheewe, 2013 | Muscle strength exercises | Cognitive activities | RE | TUA | 2 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| S. Varambally, 2013 | Yoga | Sporting activity | Yoga | MM | 5 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| S. Varambally, 2012 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | 6–7 | 45 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Exercise | MM | 6–7 | 45 min | |||||||
| J. Heggelund, 2011 | Treadmill exercise (85–95% HRmax) | Cognitive activities | MHAE | TUA | 3 | 25 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| E. Visceglia, 2011 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | 2 | 45 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| R. V. Behere, 2011 | Yoga | TUA | Yoga | TUA | NR | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Sporting activity | MM | NR | 60 min | |||||||
| A. A. Acil, 2008 | Aerobics | TUA | LAE | TUA | 3 | 40 min | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| G. Duraiswamy, 2007 | Yoga | Brisk walking, jogging, standing and sitting and relaxation exercises | Yoga | LAE | 5 | 60 min | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
EG, experimental group; CG, control group; PS, Positive Symptoms; NP, Negative Symptoms; GP, General Psychopathology; PT, PANSS total; MHAE, medium and high-intensity aerobic exercise, LAE, low-intensity aerobic exercise, RE, resistance exercise, SE, stretching exercise, CTS, Chinese traditional sports, MM, Multi-mode movement, TAU, treatment-as-usual.