Fig. 4.

Administration of sRAGE relieved astrocyte and microglia activation in the cortical region. (A) The representative HE-stained coronal section showing the area as indicated by the cortex region (black square box) to compare the fluorescent signals between the 5 groups of rats. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of GFAP (a marker for astrocyte; red) and (C) Iba1 (a marker for microglia; green) labeling in the in the control, SAH24h ​+ ​Veh, SAH24h ​+ ​sRAGE, SAH48h ​+ ​Veh and SAH48h ​+ ​sRAGE groups (bar ​= ​100 ​μm). (D) GFAP expression were quantified using the fluorescent intensity (mean gray values in the overall field). (E) The number of Iba1 positive cells was elevated when evaluated at 24 ​h and 48 ​h after SAH. Treatment with sRAGE significantly decreased the number of activated microglia compared with SAH ​+ ​Veh animals. (F) Real-time PCR analysis showed that sRAGE administration reduced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors, IL-6 and IL-1β in the cortical tissue. Data are expressed as means ​± ​SD.∗P ​< ​0.05, ∗∗P ​< ​0.01, ∗∗∗P ​< ​0.001 (n ​= ​5 in each group).