| Age, yrs |
56.0 ± 10.5 |
57.1 ± 10.3 |
60.4 ± 9.9 |
64.3 ± 8.7 |
< 0.001 |
| Males |
554 (46.8%) |
971 (50.5%) |
663 (51.1%) |
309 (51.3%) |
0.113 |
| Current smoking |
263 (22.2%) |
477 (24.8%) |
271 (20.9%) |
91 (15.1%) |
< 0.001 |
| Current drinking |
389 (32.9%) |
652 (33.9%) |
391 (30.1%) |
148 (24.6%) |
< 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2
|
24.6 ± 3.2 |
25.3 ± 3.2 |
25.5 ± 3.3 |
25.3 ± 3.3 |
< 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm |
86.2 ± 10.2 |
88.0 ± 10.5 |
89.1 ± 10.8 |
89.7 ± 10.7 |
< 0.001 |
| Exercisers |
909 (76.8%) |
1469 (76.4%) |
1021 (78.7%) |
459 (76.2%) |
0.419 |
| Education status |
|
|
|
|
0.179 |
| Low |
177 (15%) |
294 (15.3%) |
231 (17.8%) |
104 (17.3%) |
|
| Medium-low |
318 (26.9%) |
499 (25.9%) |
349 (26.9%) |
177 (29.4%) |
|
| Medium-high |
360 (30.4%) |
576 (29.9%) |
389 (30%) |
175 (29.1%) |
|
| High |
328 (27.7%) |
555 (28.8%) |
328 (25.3%) |
146 (24.3%) |
|
| Occupation |
|
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
| Mental labour |
272 (23%) |
415 (21.6%) |
216 (16.7%) |
65 (10.8%) |
|
| Physical labour |
363 (30.7%) |
581 (30.2%) |
345 (26.6%) |
133 (22.1%) |
|
| Retiree |
439 (37.1%) |
792 (41.2%) |
670 (51.7%) |
374 (62.1%) |
|
| Unemployed or others |
109 (9.2%) |
136 (7.1%) |
66 (5.1%) |
30 (5%) |
|
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73 m2
|
91.95 ± 15.69 |
88.94 ± 17.50 |
82.16 ± 23.80 |
71.22 ± 21.88 |
< 0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L (n = 5001) |
2.68 ± 0.63 |
3.11 ± 9.04 |
3.04 ± 5.77 |
2.84 ± 0.96 |
0.278 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L |
4.71 ± 0.75 |
5.04 ± 1.54 |
4.97 ± 1.21 |
4.84 ± 1.34 |
< 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L |
1.25 (0.94–1.66)*
|
1.81 (1.26–2.57)*
|
1.87 (1.30–2.70)*
|
1.80 (1.21–2.73)*
|
< 0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L (n = 5003) |
1.39 ± 0.33 |
1.20 ± 0.35 |
1.16 ± 0.34 |
1.15 ± 0.40 |
< 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L (n = 5005) |
5.17 ± 0.63 |
5.48 ± 1.22 |
6.16 ± 1.99 |
6.90 ± 3.49 |
< 0.001 |
| 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, mmol/L (n = 4728) |
7.10 ± 1.47 |
7.71 ± 2.35 |
9.26 ± 3.38 |
10.55 ± 4.10 |
< 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
139.5 ± 17.0 |
139.6 ± 17.6 |
139.7 ± 18.2 |
137.9 ± 17.0 |
0.158 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg |
86.4 ± 11.6 |
86.0 ± 11.6 |
84.3 ± 12.0 |
81.9 ± 11.0 |
< 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus |
0 |
185 (9.6%) |
578 (44.6%) |
458 (76.1%) |
< 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease |
0 |
78 (4.1%) |
203 (15.7%) |
238 (39.5%) |
< 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia |
0 |
1466 (76.2%) |
1155 (89.1%) |
574 (95.3%) |
< 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease |
0 |
127 (6.6%) |
485 (37.4%) |
454 (75.4%) |
< 0.001 |
| Stroke |
0 |
68 (3.5%) |
173 (13.3%) |
215 (35.7%) |
< 0.001 |
| On ideal use of medications |
1082 (91.5%) |
1581 (82.2%) |
743 (57.3%) |
323 (53.7%) |
< 0.001 |
| On anti-diabetic treatment |
0 |
71 (3.7%) |
236 (18.2%) |
271 (45%) |
< 0.001 |
| On anti-hypertensive treatment |
1082 (91.5%) |
1769 (91.9%) |
1247 (96.1%) |
591 (98.2%) |
< 0.001 |
| On statin treatment |
0 |
321 (16.7%) |
402 (31%) |
320 (53.2%) |
< 0.001 |
