Table 22. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on CVD hospitalization and years of life lost.

Study region	Study time	Mean exposure values of ambient airpollutants	Outcome indicator	Increased risk or years of life lost for every 10 μg/m3 or1 mg/m3 (CO)increase in daily mean concentration (95% CI)
a: estimates are calculated based on per IQR increase. Value of per IQR for PM2.5, NO2, SO2 and CO is 36.0 μg/m3, 29.0 μg/m3, 9.0 μg/m3 and 0.6 mg/m3, respectively. b: aOR value is calculated for every 100 μg/m3 increase in CO. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; IHD: ischemic heart disease.
272 cities[146–150]	2013–2015	PM2.5 56 μg/m3	CVD death	CVD mortality 0.27% (95% CI: 0.18%–0.36%) Hypertension mortality 0.39% (95% CI: 0.13%–0.65%) CAD mortality 0.30% (95% CI: 0.19%–0.40%)
250 counties[151]	2013–2018	SO2 29.8 μg/m3 CO 1.2 mg/m3 NO2 31 μg/m3 O3 77 μg/m3 Heavy PM2.5 pollution events	CVD death CVD death CVD death CVD death CVD death	CVD mortality 0.70% (95% CI: 0.49%–0.91%) Hypertension mortality 0.64% (95% CI: 0.30%–1.58%) CAD mortality 0.65% (95% CI: 0.42%–0.89%) CVD mortality 1.12% (95% CI: 0.42%–1.83%) CAD mortality 1.75% (95% CI: 0.85%–2.66%) CVD mortality 0.9% (95% CI: 0.7%–1.2%) Hypertension mortality 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8%–2.0%) CAD mortality 0.9% (95% CI: 0.6%–1.2%) CVD mortality 0.27% (95% CI: 0.10%–0.44%) Hypertension mortality 0.60% (95% CI: 0.08%–1.11%) CAD mortality 0.24% (95% CI: 0.02%–0.46%) CVD mortality 1.09% (95% CI: 0.58–1.60%)
184 cities[154]	2014–2017	PM2.5 50 μg/m3	CVD admission	CVD admission 0.26% (95% CI: 0.17%–0.35%) IHD admission 0.31% (95% CI: 0.22%–0.40%) Heart failure admission 0.27% (95% CI: 0.04%–0.51%) Heart rhythm disorder admission 0.29% (95% CI: 0.12%–0.46%) Ischemic stroke admission 0.29% (95% CI: 0.18%–0.40%)
318 cities[ 13]a	2015–2020	PM2.5 44.3 μg/m3 NO2 33.7 μg/m3 SO2 14.0 μg/m3 CO 0.9 mg/m3	ACS morbidity ACS morbidity ACS morbidity ACS morbidity	ACS morbidity 1.32% (95% CI: 1.07%–1.57%) ACS morbidity 3.89% (95% CI:3.41%–4.37%) ACS morbidity 0.67% (95% CI: 0.47%–0.86%) ACS morbidity 1.55% (95% CI: 1.22%–1.88%)
62 cities[ 155] 21 cities[ 156]	2015 2006–2016	NO2 30.29 μg/m3 PM1 34.76 µg/m3	Heart failure admission Offspring ASD	Heart failure admission 2.2% (95% CI: 1.012–1.03) Odds of offspring ASD 1.09-fold (95% CI: 1.01–1.18)
Nationwide population-based study[ 17]b	2013–2016	NO2 33.9 μg/m3 O3 100.6 μg/m3 SO2 28.3 μg/m3 CO 966.0 μg/m3	Offspring ASD Offspring ASD Offspring ASD Offspring ASD	aOR of offspring ASD 1.33 (95% CI: 1.22–1.45) aOR of offspring ASD 1.13 (95% CI: 1.10–1.16) aOR of offspring ASD 1.28 (95% CI: 1.20–1.35) aOR of offspring ASD 1.10 (95% CI: 1.06–1.15)