Table 1.

Effect of different compounds tested in AD and PD.

Compound	Proposed Effect/Mechanism	Disease	Animal Model	Clinical Trial	References
NSAID Ibuprofen Prednisone Fenamic Acid	Anti-inflammatory	AD/PD	Yes	Yes (no effect reported), NCT00239746, NCT00000178	[221, 222, 242-244]
Anti-tumour drugs	Decreases microtubule and Tau phosphorylation	AD	No (in vitro)	No	[245-248]
Minocycline	Antibiotic, anti-inflammatory	AD/PD	Yes	Yes, PD (no change) NCT00063193 NCT00076492.	[249, 250]
Sitagliptin Saxagliptin Vildagliptin Exenatide Liraglutide	Antidiabetic	AD	Yes	No	[251-253]
Rosiglitazone Pioglitazone	Anti-inflammatory	AD/PD	Yes	No	[254-257]
TAK-242	Inhibits TLR4	AD/PD	Yes	No	[68, 258, 259]
Baicalin	Inhibits TLR4 and NFkB	AD/PD	Yes	No	[260]
GX50	Inhibits NFκB and MAPK	AD/PD	Yes	No	[261]
AntiTLR2 monoclonal	Inhibits TLR2	PD	Yes	No	[262]
Ibrutinib	Inhibits BTK and NLP3/Cas-1 signalling	AD	Yes	No	[263]
Thalidomide	Inhibits TNFα and acts as an immunomodulator	AD	Yes	No (no effect in preliminary experiments)	[264-265]
Lenalidomide, Pomalidomide	Inhibits TNFα and acts as an immunomodulator	AD/PD	Yes	Yes NCT04032626 (AD)	[266-267]
Cyclosporin	Blocks calcineurin decreases α-syn	PD	Yes	No	[268]
Tacrolimus	Inhibits leukocyte activation and TNFα signalling	AD/PD	Yes	No	[269-270]
GPI-1485 (modified Tacrolimus)	Inhibits leukocyte activation and TNFα signalling	PD	Yes	Yes NCT00076492	[271]
Sinomenine	Inhibits p38α, NFkB and MK2 axis (in vitro)	AD/PD	Yes	No	[272]
Neflamapimod	Inhibits p38α and MK2 axis	AD/PD	Yes	Yes NCT03402659 NCT03435861 NCT04001517 (Lewy bodies)	[273, 274]
Laniquimod	Inhibits aryl hydrocarbon receptor	PD	Yes	Not yet	[275]
MW150, MW100	Inhibits p38α and axis MK2	AD	Yes	Yes NCT05194163	[276]
Small synthetic molecules	Inhibits p38α and axis MK2	AD/PD	Yes	Not yet	[277]