Table 2.
Effect of different natural products tested in AD and PD.
| Compound | Proposed Effect/Mechanism | Disease | Animal Model | Clinical Trial | References |
| Vinpocetine (alkaloid) | TLR modulator. Decreases TLR2 and TLR4 transcription |
PD | Yes | Local non-registered 2019 | [279] |
| Farrerol | Inhibits TLR4 and TLR4 pathways | PD | Yes | No | [280] |
| Kaempferol | Inhibits TLR4 and TLR4 pathways | PD | Yes | No | [281] |
| Dihydrotestosterone | Inhibits TLR4-induced inflammation | LPS neuro inflamed | Yes | No | [282] |
| Silymarin (flavonoid) | Downregulates TLR4 expression | PD | Yes | No | [283] |
| MCC950, Kaempferol, Oridonin, Fingolimod, AZ11645373, Celastrol |
Inhibits NLP3 | PD | Yes | No | [284] |
| Arglabin | Inhibits Cas-1 and NLP3 (in vitro) | AD | No | No | [285] |
| Tetrandrine | Inhibits NFkB (in vitro) | AD | Yes | No | [286] |
| Tiliroside, Siliroside | Inhibit NFkB, p38MAPK signalling (in vitro) | AD | No | No | [287-288] |
| Apigenin, Luteolin | Inhibit IFNγ via STAT1 (in vitro) | AD | Yes | No | [289-290] |
| Quercetin, Epigallocatechin/3 | Inhibit NFkB | AD | Yes | No | [291-293] |
| Resveratrol | Inhibits PGE2 and IL1β | AD | Yes | Yes | [293-294] |
| Curcumin | Inhibits NFkB and MAPK signalling. Increases anti-inflammatory cytokines through SOCS |
AD | Yes | Yes NCT01001637 NCT00099710 No results posted |
[295-300] |
| Parthenolide, Artemisin | Downregulate IL6 and TNFα (in vitro) | AD | Yes | No | [301-302] |
| Thymoquinone, Carnosic Acid, Carnosol, Ginkgolides |
Inhibit pre-inflammatory cytokines (in vitro) | AD/PD | No | No | [303-305] |
| Crocin, Crocetin |
Inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO and ROS. NFkB. Induce clearance of βA by autophagy | AD/PD | Yes | No | [306] |
| Astaxanthin | Inhibits NO, COX/2, and IL6. Induces clearance of βA by autophagy | AD/PD | Yes | No | [307] |