Table 1.

Summary of alcohol diagnostic screening tool measures.

Alcohol diagnostics	Data source
Clinical assessment: An observational assessment of alcohol intoxication conducted by a trained nurse or medical doctor. The assessment measures the severity of speech impairment, motor coordination, behavioral disturbances, etc through the use of a Likert scale (none to very severe) using ICD-10a Y91 codes	WHOb evidence of alcohol involvement is determined by the level of intoxication (ICD-10 Y91 codes) [26]
Active breathalyzer testing: The blood alcohol concentration measured in breath alcohol (BrAC) mg/L in exhaled breath through a straw. The minimum breath alcohol content detected is 0.03 mg/L BrAC. Alcohol can be detected up to 6-12 hours after the last drink. This method will not be used on ventilated patients Passive breathalyzer testing: Exhaled breath for all patients to indicate the presence or absence of breath alcohol (yes or no)	Dräger: SANAS-accredited breathalyzer screener used by blowing through a sterile mouthpiece for a digital reading (active) Passive: indicate the presence or absence of breath alcohol (yes or no)
Fingerprick test: Accurate measurement of capillary whole blood samples collected via fingerprick using a lancet. Results displayed in %BAC, mg/L, or μg/dL BrAC. The lowest level of detection is 0.03% BAC	Fingerprick test: rapid blood alcohol meter
Blood sample: Detecting the presence or absence of ethanol in the blood [27] using enzyme immunoassay. Venous blood was collected by qualified nurses in a sodium fluoride tube; alcohol levels were reported in g/dL	Testing with a venous blood sample

^aICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.

^bWHO: World Health Organization.