Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and univariate predictors of procedural time for leadless pacemaker implantation
| Variables | Median [25th, 75th percentiles] or n (%) | Univariate analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | P value | ||
| No. | 54 | |||
| Age (y) | 86 [78, 89] | 1.11 | 0.16 to 2.06 | .023 |
| Female | 23 (42.6) | 1.24 | –18.83 to 21.31 | .90 |
| Height (m) | 1.58 [1.49, 1.64] | –20.33 | –127.43 to 86.77 | .71 |
| Weight (kg) | 54.8 [48.4, 61.6] | –0.41 | –1.40 to 0.58 | .41 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 [20.4, 24.3] | –0.99 | –3.83 to 1.85 | .49 |
| BMI <20 | 12 (22.2) | –7.81 | –31.58 to 15.97 | .51 |
| BMI ≥25 | 8 (14.8) | –14.49 | –42.14 to 13.15 | .30 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 34 (63.0) | –2.81 | –23.35 to 17.73 | .79 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (35.2) | 3.23 | 17.53 to 23.99 | .76 |
| CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min) | 45 (83.3) | 2.29 | –24.33 to 28.91 | .86 |
| Hemodialysis | 7 (13.0) | –9.29 | –38.71 to 20.15 | .53 |
| Heart failure | 13 (24.1) | 12.97 | –9.96 to 35.90 | .26 |
| Coronary artery disease | 18 (33.3) | 5.26 | –15.74 to 26.27 | .62 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4 (7.4) | –17.74 | –55.31 to 19.84 | .35 |
| Atral fibrillation | 27 (50.0) | 4.78 | –15.03 to 24.58 | .63 |
| Transcatheter aortic valve implantation | 19 (35.2) | 3.65 | –17.11 to 24.41 | .73 |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 9 (16.7) | –11.84 | –38.26 to 14.59 | .37 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 4 (7.4) | 12.32 | –25.42 to 50.05 | .52 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 1 (1.9) | |||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 1 (1.9) | |||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 1 (1.9) | |||
| Amyloidosis | 1 (1.9) | |||
| Micra AVTM | 18 (33.3) | 5.76 | –15.23 to 26.76 | .58 |
| LVEF (%) | 64.8 [58.8, 69.6] | 0.86 | –0.21 to 1.93 | .11 |
| LVEF <50% | 6 (11.1) | –6.94 | –33.15 to 19.26 | .60 |
| LV diastolic dimension (mm) | 45 [42, 49] | 0.22 | –1.37 to 1.81 | .78 |
| LV systolic dimension (mm) | 28 [25, 33] | –0.59 | –2.16 to 0.98 | .45 |
| RV mid-diameter (mm) | 31 [26, 35] | 1.51 | 0.16 to 2.86 | .029 |
| RV mid-diameter ≥35 mm | 15 (27.8) | 25.81 | 4.86 to 46.77 | .017 |
| RA minor axis length (mm) | 40 [33, 44] | 1.36 | 0.32 to 2.41 | .012 |
| RA major axis length (mm) | 52 [48, 57] | 1.43 | 0.61 to 2.25 | <.001 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | 19.93 | 10.41 to 29.44 | <.001 | |
| None or trivial | 25 (46.2) | |||
| Mild | 19 (35.2) | |||
| Moderate | 7 (13.0) | |||
| Severe | 3 (5.6) | |||
| Angle between IVC and RA inferior (°) | 83 [77, 89] | 0.12 | –0.94 to 1.17 | .83 |
| RV procedural time (min) | 45.8 [30.5, 62.7] | NA | NA | NA |
| Total procedural time (min) | 72.5 [48.0, 93.5] | 0.89 | 0.78 to 0.99 | <.001 |
| Fluoroscopy time (min) | 16.0 [8.2, 28.2] | 1.98 | 1.76 to 2.20 | <.001 |
| No. of deployments | 1 (1, 3) | 13.70 | 7.92 to 19.48 | <.001 |
| Complications | 2 (3.7) | –14.85 | –67.23 to 37.54 | .57 |
| Dislodgment | 2 (3.7) | |||
BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; CKD = chronic kidney disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; IVC = inferior vena cava; LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle.