Table 2.
The effect of early or late smoking on comorbidities and left heart function in COPD patients (after adjusting smoking index)
| Variables | Early smoking (n = 149) | Late smoking (n = 149) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LVD, mm | 44(40,47) | 42(38,44) | 0.003 | |||
| LAS, mm | 30(26.25,33) | 30(27,33) | 0.589 | |||
| RVD, mm | 29(26,32) | 29(27,32) | 0.899 | |||
| RAS, mm | 29(26,32) | 29(27,32) | 0.744 | |||
| AO, mm | 29(28,32) | 30(27,32) | 0.559 | |||
| PA, mm | 22(20,24) | 22(20,25) | 0.852 | |||
| PA/AO | 0.75(0.69,0.83) | 0.75(0.69,0.88) | 0.948 | |||
| LVSD, % | 9(8,10) | 9(8,10) | 0.806 | |||
| LVPWD, mm | 9(8,10) | 9(8,10) | 0.497 | |||
| PAV, cm/s | 90(80,100) | 90(80,100) | 0.235 | |||
| EF, % | 61(60,64) | 60(60,62) | 0.601 | |||
| FS, % | 32(30,34) | 32(30,34) | 0.565 | |||
| Comorbidities and complications | ||||||
| Coronary heart disease, % | 12.8 | 18.8 | 0.153 | |||
| Hypertension, % | 34.2 | 38.3 | 0.470 | |||
| Diabetes, % | 12.1 | 9.4 | 0.454 | |||
| Pneumonia, % | 14.8 | 19.5 | 0.282 | |||
| Bronchiectasis, % | 8.7 | 14.8 | 0.105 | |||
| Respiratory failure, % | 43.6 | 44.6 | 0.866 | |||
| Prior pulmonary TB, % | 25.5 | 30.6 | 0.328 | |||
| Cor pulmonale, % | 25.5 | 24.8 | 0.894 | |||
Notes: LVD: Left Ventricular Diameter; LAS: Left Ventricular Diameter; RVD: Reft Ventricular Diameter; RAS: Left Ventricular Diameter; AO: Aortic Diameter; PA: Pulmonary Artery Diameter; LVSD: Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction; LVPWD: Left Ventricular Posterior Wall Diameter; PAV: Pulmonary Artery Velocity; EF: Ejection Fraction; FS: Fractional Shortening