Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Population, Interventions, Comparators, Outcomes, Timing, and Study Designs.

	Inclusion	Exclusion
Population	• Adolescents (≥12 years to <18 years old) or adults (≥18 years) undergoing any type of spine surgery for any indication or spine-related pathology (including trauma-related pathology, conus injuries, cauda equina injuries) Subpopulations/groups of interest: • Spinal deformity (eg, scoliosis) • Intra-dural tumors vs extra-dural lesions • Degenerative spine lesions	• Patients <11 years old • Patients with new post-operative compression (eg, hematoma, abscess) • Patients with pedicle screw breach • Patients with neurologic deficits due to cranial pathology (eg, stroke)
Intervention	• Neuromonitoring including somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), motor evoked potentials (MEP), electromyography (EMG) and multimodal monitoring
Outcomes	• True positives (a change in monitoring corresponding to a change in postoperative neurologic status) • False positive (a change in monitoring corresponding to no change in postoperative neurologic status) • False negative (no change in monitoring, but a change in postoperative neurologic status • True negative (no change in monitoring corresponding to no change in postoperative neurologic status)
Reference standard	• Postoperative neurological change/recovery (based on validated measures) - AIS grade - Motor score - Frankel grade	• Pedicle screw breach
Timing	• Immediate post-operative period
Study design	The review focus on the evidence at least risk for bias • RCTs or comparative observational studies (comparative cohorts, case control studies) • Case series will be included if comparative studies are not available	• Case series with ≤10 patients • Animal studies • Abstracts, editorials, letters • Duplicate publications of the same study that do not report on different outcomes • Single reports from multicenter trials • White papers • Narrative reviews • Proceedings/abstracts from meetings • Articles identified as preliminary reports when results are published in later versions