Table 4.
Characteristics of included studies.
| First author and year | Study type | Country/Region | Total patient count | Disease type | Procedures | Population (adult, adolescent or both) | Neuromonitoring type | Data presented for |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelkader 2019 | Prospective | Egypt | 50 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Extramedullary manipulations, decompression of an epidural abscess or neoplasm, removal of intramedullary tumor or arteriovenous malformation, or spine correction procedures | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Accadbled 2006 | Retrospective | France | 191 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Almahdy 2021 | Retrospective | USA | 50 | Mixed: Tumor, abscess, AVM, degenerative (stenosis, disc), trauma | Non- instrumented posterior cervical (C3-6) laminectomy, tumor resection | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Avila 2013 | Retrospective | USA | 208 | Tumor: Metastasis | Tumor resection | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP, EMG | MEP |
| Bhagat 2015 | Retrospective | UK | 354 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal, MEP, SSEP |
| Bhalodia 2013 | Retrospective | USA | 229 | Mixed | Cervical spine operations involving the C-4 and/or C-5 levels | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP |
| Bir 2021 | Retrospective | India | 31 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: MEP, D-wave | MEP |
| Bose 2002 | Retrospective | USA | 61 | Degenerative | Lumbar fusion | Adult | EMG | EMG |
| Bose 2007 | Retrospective | USA | 238 | Degenerative | Anterior cervical spinal procedures included single-level discectomies, multilevel discectomies, corpectomies, and stabilization of odontoid fractures | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP, SSEP, EMG |
| Calancie 1998 | Retrospective | USA | 34 | Mixed: Tumor, spinal deformity (scoliosis, kyphosis, or displaced fracture), arteriovenous fistula, tethered cord | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: MEP and EMG | MEP |
| Calancie 2008 | Retrospective | USA | 859 | Mixed: Tumor, tethered cord, orthopedic, vascular and cyst | Decompression and/or stabilization of the cervical, thoracic, or thoracolumbar spine | Adult | Multimodal: MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP |
| CaminoWillhuber 2021 | Retrospective | Argentina | 137 | Degenerative | Percutaneous cement discoplasty | Adult | EMG | EMG |
| Chandanwale 2008 | Retrospective | India | 112 | Trauma | Thoracic or lumbar surgery | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Chen 2015 | Retrospective | China | 426 | Mixed: Degenerative, deformity and tumor | Unclear | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Chen Yu 2021 | Retrospective | China | 113 | Degenerative | TLIF | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG; multimodal: MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP, EMG, SSEP |
| Choi 2014 | Retrospective | Korea | 76 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP |
| Chung 2009 | Prospective | USA | 230 | Degenerative | Lumbar decompression, discectomy and fusion | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Clark 2013 | Retrospective | USA | 140 | Degenerative | Anterior or posterior cervical surgery | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Clark 2016 | Retrospective | USA | 144 | Mixed: Tumor, infection, trauma, inflammatory | Anterior or posterior cervical surgery | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Cornips 2017 | Retrospective | Netherlands | 77 | Degenerative: Thoracic disc herniation | Anterior transthoracic surgery | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Costa 2007 | Retrospective | Italy | 52 | Mixed: Trauma, tumor, degenerative (spondylosis), scoliosis, AVM, echinicoccus | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Costa 2013 | Retrospective | Italy | 101 | Mixed: Tumor (intra and extra medullary) and degenerative | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Dauleac 2022 | Retrospective | France | 99 | Mixed: Tumor, degenerative, tethered cord | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal:SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Delgado-lópez 2022 | Retrospective | Spain | 103 | Degenerative | Anterior cervical surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Deutsch 2000 | Retrospective | USA | 44 | Tumor | Anterior thoracic | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Dicindio 2003 | Retrospective | USA | 68 | Deformity | Not specified | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Ding 2008 | Retrospective | China | 76 | Degenerative | ACDF and laminoplasty | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Dinner 1986 | Retrospective | USA | 220 | Mixed | Not specified | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Duncan 2012 | Retrospective | USA | 115 | Degenerative | Lumbar fusion | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, SSEP |
| Eggspuehler (cervical) 2007 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 246 | Degenerative | Cervical surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Eggspuehler (deformity) 2007 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 217 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Eggspuehler (thoracic) 2007 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 36 | Degenerative | Thoracic surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Feng 2012 | Retrospective | China | 176 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Both | Multimodal:SSEP and MEP | MEP |
| Ferguson 2014 | Retrospective | USA | 519 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adult | Multimodal:SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Feyissa 2015 | Retrospective | USA | 19 | Tumor | Thoracic Laminectomy, Facetectomy, vertebrectomy | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Forster 2012 | Retrospective | Germany | 203 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal, MEP |
| Fujiwara 2016 | Retrospective | Japan | 160 | Degenerative | Laminoplasty | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Funaba 2021 | Retrospective | Japan | 1176 | Degenerative | Laminoplasty, ACDF, posterior fusion, circumferential fusion | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Funaba 2022 | Retrospective | Japan | 2476 | Mixed: Tumor, infection, trauma, deformity, inflammatory | Decompression, fusion with instrumentation | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Gavaret 2011 | Retrospective | France | 300 | Mixed: Trauma, tumor, degenerative (spondylosis), scoliosis | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and D-wave | SSEP, multimodal |
| Ghadirpour 2015 | Retrospective | Italy | 68 | Tumor: Extramedullary | Tumor resection | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and D-wave | Multimodal |
| Ghadirpour 2019 | Retrospective | Italy | 108 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP MEP and D-wave | Multimodal |
| Gundanna 2003 | Retrospective | USA | 186 | Mixed: Degenerative, scoliosis | Posterior fusion | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Gunnarsson 2004 | Retrospective | Canada | 213 | Mixed: Tumor, spinal deformity (scoliosis, kyphosis, or displaced fracture), degenerative, tethered cord | Decompression, microdiscectomy, tumor resection/removal, tethered cord release, others, instrumented fusions | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Harel 2017 | Retrospective | Israel | 41 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Hawary 2006 | Retrospective | Canada | 41 | Deformity | Decompression, release, resection | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Hilibrand 2004 | Retrospective | USA | 427 | Degenerative | Anterior, posterior and circumferential cervical surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP |
| Hsu 2008 | Retrospective | Australia | 144 | Deformity | Correction | Both | MEP and CMAP | Multimodal, MEP |
| Hu 2011 | Retrospective | Hong Kong | 191 | Mixed | Not specified | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Huang 2016 | Retrospective | China | 89 | Deformity | Not specified | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Hyun 2009 | Retrospective | Korea | 17 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal, MEP |
| Ille 2021 | Retrospective | Germany | 71 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP |
| Ishida 2019 | Retrospective | USA | 103 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Ito 2012 | Retrospective | Japan | 884 | Mixed: Tumor, degenerative (spondylosis), scoliosis | Not specified | Not specified | MEP | MEP |
| Ito 2013 | Retrospective | Egypt | 295 | Mixed | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP, SSEP |
| Izumi 1993 | Retrospective | Japan | 20 | Tumor | Not specified | Not specified | D-wave | MEP |
| Jarvis 2013 | Retrospective | Canada | 37 | Deformity | 3-Column posterior spinal osteotomies | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP |
| Jin 2015 | Retrospective | Korea | 30 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Kamerlink 2010 | Retrospective | USA | 281 | Deformity | Spinal fusion | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Kelleher 2008 | Prospective | Canada | 1055 | Mixed | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | SSEP, MEP |
| Khan 2006 | Retrospective | USA | 508 | Mixed | Cervical corpectomy | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Kim 2007 | Retrospective | USA | 52 | Degenerative | Cervical ACDF, laminectomy, posterior fusion | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Kim 2012 | Retrospective | Korea | 209 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Kim 2014 | Retrospective | Korea | 22 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Kim 2017 | Retrospective | Korea | 200 | Degenerative | ACDF | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Kim 2019 | Retrospective | USA | 275 | Degenerative | TLIF | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP, EMG, SSEP |
| Kim 2021 | Retrospective | Korea | 196 | Degenerative | ACDF | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP, EMG, SSEP |
| Kobayashi 2014 | Retrospective | Japan | 959 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Not specified | MEP | MEP |
| Kobayashi 2017 | Prospective | Japan | 68 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adolescent | MEP | MEP |
| Kobayashi 2018 | Retrospective | Japan | 83 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Kobayashi 2018 | Retrospective | Japan | 70 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and D-wave | MEP, multimodal |
| Kobayashi 2019 | Retrospective | Japan | 159 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), tumor | Thoracic surgery | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Kobayashi 2021 | Prospective | Japan | 3560 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Kobayashi 2021 | Prospective | Japan | 233 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Kobayashi 2022 | Prospective | Japan | 3625 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Koffie 2022 | Retrospective | USA | 498 | Degenerative | Posterior cervical laminectomy or laminoplasty with or without fixation and fusion | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP, SSEP |
| Korn 2015 | Retrospective | Israel | 100 | Tumor: Extramedullary | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Krishnakumar 2011 | Retrospective | India | 52 | Deformity | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal, SSEP, MEP |
| Kumar 2019 | Retrospective | UK | 128 | Tumor: Metastasis | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Kundnani 2010 | Prospective | Singapore | 354 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP |
| Kurokawa 2017 | Retrospective | Japan | 58 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Lakomkin 2017 | Retrospective | USA | 52 | Tumor | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Langeloo 2003 | Retrospective | Netherlands | 145 | Deformity | Anterior or posterior surgery | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Lau 2019 | Retrospective | USA | 242 | Deformity | Lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotom | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Lau 2022 | Retrospective | USA | 56 | Deformity | Lower cervical and upper thoracic posterior-based three-column osteotomies | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Lee 2016 | Retrospective | Korea | 146 | Mixed: Degenerative, congenital, tumor, trauma | Goel's technique: Intraoperative CVJ realignment through a rod and screw system | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Leung 2005 | Retrospective | UK | 871 | Deformity | Anterior surgery | Not specified | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | SSEP |
| Li 2012 | Retrospective | USA | 200 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Anterior cervical surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Li 2018 | Retrospective | China | 55 | AVM | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP, SSEP |
| Lieberman 2008 | Retrospective | USA | 35 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Both | Multimodal: MEP, D-wave | MEP, multimodal |
| Liu 2022 | Retrospective | China | 326 | Degenerative | Posterior thoracic Decompression surgery |
Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Loder 1991 | Retrospective | USA | 52 | Deformity | Not specified | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Lubitz 1999 | Retrospective | USA | 60 | Deformity | Not specified | Adolescent | MEP | MEP |
| Luk 2001 | Retrospective | Hong Kong | 30 | Deformity | Not specified | Adolescent | Multimodal: CSEP, SSEP, MEP | MEP, SSEP |
| MacDonald 2007 | Retrospective | Saudi Arabia | 206 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Thoracolumbar surgeries | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Makarov 2012 | Retrospective | USA | 233 | Deformity | External fixation procedures | Adolescent | SSEP | SSEP |
| Manninen 1998 | Retrospective | Canada | 309 | Mixed: Tumor, abscess, degenerative (stenosis, disc), trauma | Corrective surgery, laminectomy, fusion | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Melachuri 2017 | Retrospective | USA | 1036 | Degenerative | Posterior spinal fusions | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Melachuri 2019 | Retrospective | USA | 1057 | Degenerative | Lumbar interbody fusions | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Melachuri 2020 | Retrospective | USA | 771 | Mixed | Thoracic decompression and fusion | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Melachuri 2021 | Retrospective | USA | 179 | Mixed | Mixed | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and EMG | Multimodal, EMG |
| May 2006 | Retrospective | UK | 182 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Anterior or posterior cervical surgery | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Meyer 1988 | Retrospective | USA | 150 | Trauma | Thoracic and lumbar spine internal fixation | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Miller 2019 | Retrospective | USA | 125 | Deformity | Not specified | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Mochida 1997 | Retrospective | Japan | 32 | Mixed: Tumor, AVM, degenerative (OPLL), tethered cord | Thoracic and thoracolumbar surgery | Not specified | MEP | MEP |
| Muramoto 2013 | Retrospective | Japan | 80 | Mixed: Degenerative, tumor, trauma, deformity | Thoracic spine surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and D-wave | MEP |
| Muramoto 2014 | Retrospective | Japan | 37 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Various | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Neira 2016 | Retrospective | Canada | 296 | Deformity | Spinal fusion | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal, SSEP |
| Noonan 2002 | Retrospective | USA | 165 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Noordeen 1997 | Retrospective | UK | 99 | Deformity | Not specified | Adolescent | SSEP | SSEP |
| Oya 2017 | Retrospective | USA | 135 | Degenerative | Laminoplasty | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | EMG, MEP |
| Padberg 1996 | Retrospective | USA | 74 | Mixed: Degenerative, congenital, trauma | Anterior, posterior and circumferential fusion | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Padberg 1998 | Retrospective | USA | 500 | Deformity | Instrumentation | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Papastefanou 2000 | Retrospective | UK | 442 | Mixed: Degenerative, trauma, tumor, deformity | Not specified | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Paradiso 2006 | Prospective | Canada | 44 | Adult tethered cord | Detethering procedures | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and EMG | EMG, SSEP, MEP |
| Park 2011 | Retrospective | USA | 29 | Deformity | Anterior, posterior and circumferential fusion | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | EMG, SSEP, MEP |
| Park 2018 | Retrospective | Korea | 34 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | SSEP, MEP |
| Pastorelli 2011 | Retrospective | Italy | 172 | Deformity | Posterior fusion with instrumentation surgery, anterior spinal Fusion by thoracotomy, combined anterior and posterior Approach | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Pastorelli 2015 | Retrospective | Italy | 40 | Deformity | Posterior fusion with instrumentation surgery | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Pelosi 2002 | Retrospective | UK | 97 | Mixed: Degenerative, trauma, deformity, infection | Anterior or posterior surgery | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Platabello 2015 | Retrospective | Spain | 75 | Mixed: Degenerative, tumor, trauma | Anterior and posterior cervical | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Qiu 2022 | Retrospective | China | 87 | Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, split-cord malformation, and tethered cord syndrome | Posterior spinal fusion | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | SSEP, MEP |
| Quinones 2005 | Retrospective | USA | 28 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Quraishi 2009 | Retrospective | Canada | 102 | Deformity | Instrumented fusion, Decompression, Osteotomies, PLIF, ALIF |
Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, EMG |
| Ruschel 2021 | Retrospective | Brazil | 47 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and D-wave | EMG |
| Sakaki 2012 | Retrospective | Japan | 350 | Degenerative | ACDF, laminoplasty, laminectomy, posterior fusion | Not specified | MEP | MEP |
| Schar 2017 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 17 | Degenerative: L5–S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis | Instrumented transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Schwartz 2007 | Retrospective | USA | 38 | Deformity | Anterior, posterior and circumferential fusion | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Skaggs 2009 | Retrospective | USA | 1736 | Deformity | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Skinner 2005 | Retrospective | USA | 13 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Not specified | Both | EMG | EMG |
| Smith 2006 | Retrospective | USA | 577 | Degenerative: Non-myelopathy:cervical stenosis, radiculopathy, herniated nucleus pulposus, junctional stenosis, Or nonunion from prior surgery | ACDF | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Stechison 1995 | Retrospective | USA | 150 | Mixed: Degenerative, trauma, tumor, deformity | Various | Not specified | SSEP | SSEP |
| Sutter 2007 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 1017 | Mixed: Degenerative, deformity and tumor | Various | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, EMG |
| Sutter 2019 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 2728 | Mixed: Degenerative, deformity and tumor | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP |
| Sutter I 2007 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 109 | Tumor | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Sutter II 2007 | Retrospective | Switzerland | 409 | Degenerative | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Takahashi 2021 | Prospective | Japan | 1934 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and D-wave | MEP |
| Tanaka 2015 | Retrospective | Japan | 196 | Degenerative | ACDF, laminoplasty, lumbar fusion, lumbar laminectomy, discectomy, fenestration | Not specified | MEP | MEP |
| Taylor 2021 | Prospective | USA | 540 | Degenerative | Cervical ACDF, laminectomy, posterior fusion | Not specified | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Thirumala 2014 | Retrospective | USA | 477 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adolescent | SSEP | SSEP |
| Tiruchelvarayan 2013 | Retrospective | Singapore | 13 | Tumor: Intramedullary | Laminectomy with or without fixation | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Tohmeh 2022 | Prospective | USA | 59 | Mixed: Degenerative, deformity | Transpsoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion | Adult | SSEP | SSEP |
| Tong Yu 2017 | Prospective | China | 12 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal |
| Traba 2018 | Retrospective | Spain | 203 | Degenerative | TLIF, XLIF | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | MEP |
| Tsirikos 2004 | Retrospective | UK | 82 | Trauma | Posterior fusion, cervical laminectomy, anterior corpectomy, ACDF | Both | SSEP | SSEP |
| Tsirikos 2020 | Retrospective | UK | 1155 | Deformity | Posterior closing wedge osteotomies | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal, SSEP |
| Ushirozako 2018 | Retrospective | Japan | 295 | Deformity | Posterior corrective surgery, with 3-column osteotomies, with posterior column resections, after LLIF | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Ushirozako 2019 | Retrospective | Japan | 703 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Not specified | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Ushirozako 2020 | Retrospective | Japan | 393 | Deformity | Corrective surgery | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Ushirozako 2021 | Retrospective | Japan | 428 | Tumor | Not specified | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Van der wal 2021 | Retrospective | Netherlands | 78 | Tumor: Extramedullary | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Velayutham 2016 | Retrospective | India | 300 | Tumor | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Vitale 2010 | Retrospective | USA | 162 | Deformity | Not specified | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | Multimodal |
| Wang 2016 | Retrospective | China | 117 | Deformity | Not specified | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Wang 2016 | Retrospective | China | 86 | Degenerative | Posterior laminoplasty or laminectomy surgery | Both | MEP | MEP |
| Welch 1997 | Retrospective | USA | 32 | Degenerative | Lumbar fusion | Adult | EMG | EMG |
| Wilent 2019 | Retrospective | USA | 40919 | Degenerative | Extradural cervical surgery | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | Multimodal, MEP |
| Wilent 2020 | Retrospective | USA | 4386 | Degenerative | Extradural posterior lumbosacra | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP, MEP and EMG | MEP, EMG, SSEP |
| Xu 2011 | Retrospective | USA | 57 | Degenerative | ACDF | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP, SSEP |
| Yang 1994 | Prospective | China | 11 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Various | Adult | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP, SSEP |
| Yoshida 2018 | Prospective | Japan | 2867 | Mixed: Degenerative (stenosis, disc, OPLL), trauma, deformity (scoliosis), tumor | Various | Not specified | MEP | MEP |
| Yoshida 2022 | Prospective | Japan | 311 | Deformity | ALIF, LLIF, PLIF, TLIF | Adult | MEP | MEP |
| Zhuang 2014 | Retrospective | China | 1162 | Deformity | Pedicle subtraction osteotomy, smith-petersen osteotomy, vertebral column resection | Both | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP |
| Zuccaro 2017 | Retrospective | USA | 806 | Deformity | Posterior spinal fusion, vertebral body stapling, vertebral column resection | Adolescent | Multimodal: SSEP and MEP | MEP |