Table 2.

Spatio-temporal clusters by retrospective space–time analysis scanning using the space–time permutation model on lumpy skin disease outbreaks in cattle in Ethiopia, 20008-2020.

Cluster 1	Cluster time	Cluster period	# of districts cluster	Centroid (X, Y)/Radius (km)	O	E	O/E ratio	LRT	Value of p
Cluster 1	2008/1/1 to 2008/12/31	1 year	75	(9.440026 N, 37.419899 E)/127.61 km	165	55.88	2.95	71.44929	0.0001
Cluster 2	2009/1/1 to 2009/12/31	1 year	14	(7.946830 N, 36.441510 E)/58.57 km	98	24.54	3.99	63.0832	0.0001
Cluster 3	2010/1/1 to 2012/12/31	3 years	70	(7.766095 N, 39.256407 E)/124.58 km	225	101.81	2.21	57.71027	0.0001
Cluster 4	2015/1/1 to 2015/12/31	1 year	4	(9.010225 N, 38.687197 E)/6.02 km	26	3.04	8.54	32.89456	0.0001
Cluster 5	2017/1/1 to 2017/12/31	1 year	26	(9.504936 N, 39.890722 E)/81.72 km	77	10.34	7.44	88.61906	0.0001
Cluster 6	2017/1/1 to 2017/12/31	1 year	133	(14.083459 N, 38.585098 E)/353.87 km	69	22.33	3.09	31.51971	0.0001
Cluster 7	2018/1/1 to 2019/12/31	2 years	45	(3.826794 N, 39.164094 E)/290.38 km	149	25.04	5.95	144.2117	0.0001
Cluster 8	2020/1/1 to 2020/12/31	1 year	26	(7.078917 N, 35.454754 E)/97.21 km	59	5.71	10.34	84.97088	0.0001

The analytical spatial window size was set to cover different cluster sizes (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of the at-risk population, and the temporal scanning covered 50% of the study period. O, observed case; E, expected case; O/E ratio, ratio of observed cases/expected cases; LRT, likelihood ratio test statistics.