Table 2.
Patient characteristics, induction treatment, maternal and foetal outcomes for eight studies.
| Study | Type of study | Number of patients; number of pregnancies | Mean age | Maternal comorbidities | Type of vasculitis | Matched group criteria | Induction regimen | Maternal outcome | Foetal outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ganhao, S. et al 2021 (Italy) | case-control | 3;3 | 35.35 | Not available | 3/3 EGPA | Matched for age and rheumatic disease ⦽ | Not available for study population | Not available for study population | Twins - median gestation 35 weeks; mean birth weight 2.24 kg. Singletons - median gestation - 38.9 weeks; mean birthweight- 2.92 kg ⦽ |
| Nguyen, V. et al 2019 (Canada) | retrospective cohort | 16;20 | 33.4 | 6/20 - vasculitis related hypertension ⦽ | Not available | Not applicable | 13/20 - PRED and AZA ⦽ | 2/20- pre-eclampsia; 1/20 postpartum flare; 3/20 emergency C-section ⦽ | 2/20 - terminated pregnancy. Mean gestation - 37.8 weeks. Median birth weight - 2.9 kg. 5/18 preterm. ⦽ |
| Sangle, S. R. et al 2015 (United Kingdom) | case-control | 10;10 | 36 | 1/10 cases - duplex kidney | 8/10- GPA, 1/10- EGPA, 1 /10 - AAV with renal involvement | Matched for BMI, parity, smoking, age, no of foetuses, ethnicity | 6/10 -CYC, 4/10 CYC, MTX and AZA | 1/10 - pre-eclampsia; 1/10 intrauterine death. | Median gestation 36.3 weeks; mean birth weight 4 kg. |
| Pendergraft, W. et al 2013 (United States) | retrospective cohort | 5;7 | 27.8 | Not available | 6/7 -GPA, 1/7 - MPA | Not applicable | 5/7 CYC and PRED, 1/7 CYC, PRED, RTX, 1/7 CYC, PRED, RTX, MMF | 1/8 - progressive airway disease | 1/7 miscarriage; 1/7 preterm; Median gestation - 40 weeks; median birth weight- 3.38 kgs. |
| Tuin, J. et al 2012 (Netherlands) | retrospective cohort | 14;22 | 31 | 2/22 cases- hypertension; 3/22 cases - proteinuria at conception. ⦽ | Unspecified no of GPA and MPA | Not applicable | 9/14 CYC. 1/14 PRED, ciclosporin, MMF, 1/14 MTX and PRED, 4/14 co-trimoxazole ⦽ | 2/22 - pre-eclampsia; 1/22 -worsening tracheal stenosis with emergency tracheotomy; 1/22- episcleritis, arthralgia and renal disease; 2/22 - postpartum thyroiditis ; 1/22 - emergency C-sections. ⦽ | Median gestation - 39.6 weeks; median birth weight 3.4 kgs; 2/22 preterm deliveries;; 1/22 - neonatal hypothyroidism; 1/22 congenital anomaly. ⦽ |
| Croft et al 2015 (United Kingdom) | retrospective cohort | 12;13 | 34 | 1/12 - hypertension | 10/12- GPA, 2/12 - MPA, | Not applicable | 11/12 - PRED and CYC; 1/12 - PRED, CYC and plasma exchange; 1/12 RTX | 2/12 emergency C-section; 1/12 with twin pregnancy had preeclampsia; 1/12 had progressive tracheal stenosis requiring tracheal debridement post delivery; 1/12 worsening renal function | 11/12 had gestation>37 weeks; 1/12 with twins delivered at 31 weeks for preeclampsia; median birth weight 3.12 kg |
| Auzary, C. et al 2000 (France) | case series | 2;5 | 28.7 | 3/5 - Type 1 diabetes | GPA | Not applicable | 1/5- CYC and PRED. 2/5 - PRED. 1/5 PRED, CYC, co-trimoxazole. | 1/5 - termination of pregnancy. 1/5 - pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. 1/5 - pre-eclampsia. | 1/5 - congenital anomaly; Mean gestation 35.6 weeks; mean birth weight 3.93 kg |
| Lima, F. et al 1995 (United Kingdom) | case series | 2;3 | 24 | 1/2- asthma and nasal polyp removal | GPA and eGPA | Not applicable | 1/3- PRED and CYC; 1/3 - PRED, CYC, AZA. | 1/3 flare; 1/3 postpartum flare | 1/3 - stillbirth at 25 weeks. Mean gestation 39.5 weeks; mean birth weight 3.34 kg |
Abbreviations: AAV: ANCA associated vasculitis; AZA: azathioprine; BMI: body mass index; CYC: cyclophosphamide; eGPA: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; GPA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis; HELLP: Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet syndrome; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil; MPA: microscopic polyangiitis; MTX: methotrexate; RTX: Rituximab. ⦽: heterogenous data across several vasculitides reported.