Table 2.
Comparison of children’s baseline and follow-up measurements and their changes according to maternal gestational diabetes status
| Intention-to-treat analyses |
Per-protocol analyses |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-GDM* | GDM* | β values (95% CI) | P value | Non-GDM* | GDM* | β values (95% CI) | P value | |
| Number of subjects | 578 | 578 | - | - | 486 | 426 | - | - |
| Z score of BMI for age | ||||||||
| The 5.9-year visit† | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.30 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.049 | 0.25 (0.14) | 0.41 (0.14) | 0.16 (0.00, 0.32) | 0.052 |
| The 8.3-year visit‡ | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.41 (0.09) | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.21) | 0.062 | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.41 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.00, 0.22) | 0.057 |
| Changes from 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit‡ | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.18) | 0.020 | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.02, 0.23) | 0.018 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||||
| The 5.9-year visit† | 55.3 (0.55) | 56.4 (0.56) | 1.14 (0.49, 1.80) | 0.001 | 55.5 (0.63) | 56.7 (0.64) | 1.12 (0.41, 1.84) | 0.002 |
| The 8.3-year visit‡ | 60.6 (0.66) | 62.1 (0.66) | 1.46 (0.70, 2.22) | <0.001 | 60.6 (0.66) | 62.1 (0.66) | 1.48 (0.71, 2.24) | <0.001 |
| Changes from 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit‡ | 5.20 (0.66) | 6.66 (0.66) | 1.46 (0.70, 2.22) | <0.001 | 5.18 (0.66) | 6.66 (0.66) | 1.48 (0.71, 2.24) | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | ||||||||
| The 5.9-year visit† | 20.2 (0.73) | 21.4 (0.75) | 1.19 (0.31, 2.06) | 0.008 | 20.5 (0.86) | 21.8 (0.88) | 1.25 (0.26, 2.23) | 0.013 |
| The 8.3-year visit‡ | 21.5 (0.67) | 22.9 (0.67) | 1.46 (0.68, 2.23) | <0.001 | 21.4 (0.67) | 22.9 (0.67) | 1.48 (0.70, 2.26) | <0.001 |
| Changes from 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit‡ | 1.30 (0.52) | 3.09 (0.53) | 1.78 (1.16, 2.40) | <0.001 | 1.11 (0.68) | 3.38 (0.69) | 2.27 (1.50, 3.05) | <0.001 |
| Triceps skinfold (mm) | ||||||||
| The 5.9-year visit† | 13.8 (0.51) | 13.3 (0.53) | −0.47 (−1.08, 0.15) | 0.138 | 13.9 (0.59) | 13.4 (0.60) | −0.59 (−1.26, 0.08) | 0.085 |
| The 8.3-year visit‡ | 14.8 (0.64) | 16.8 (0.65) | 2.04 (1.30, 2.79) | <0.001 | 14.7 (0.64) | 16.8 (0.65) | 2.07 (1.32, 2.81) | <0.001 |
| Changes from 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit‡ | 1.93 (0.51) | 4.33 (0.53) | 2.40 (1.78, 3.01) | <0.001 | 1.70 (0.66) | 4.63 (0.67) | 2.93 (2.18, 3.68) | <0.001 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm) | ||||||||
| The 5.9-year visit† | 7.67 (0.38) | 8.23 (0.39) | 0.56 (0.10, 1.02) | 0.016 | 7.74 (0.44) | 8.34 (0.44) | 0.60 (0.10, 1.10) | 0.018 |
| The 8.3-year visit‡ | 10.0 (0.52) | 11.2 (0.53) | 1.23 (0.62, 1.84) | <0.001 | 9.98 (0.52) | 11.2 (0.53) | 1.25 (0.64, 1.86) | <0.001 |
| Changes from 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit‡ | 2.06 (0.41) | 3.65 (0.42) | 1.59 (1.10, 2.09) | <0.001 | 1.90 (0.54) | 3.88 (0.55) | 1.98 (1.37, 2.59) | <0.001 |
| Suprailiac skinfold (mm) | ||||||||
| The 5.9-year visit† | 10.5 (0.60) | 11.8 (0.61) | 1.33 (0.61, 2.04) | <0.001 | 10.7 (0.68) | 12.2 (0.69) | 1.41 (0.64, 2.19) | <0.001 |
| The 8.3-year visit‡ | 13.9 (0.57) | 15.9 (0.58) | 1.59 (1.10, 2.09) | <0.001 | 13.5 (0.74) | 16.1 (0.75) | 2.62 (1.77, 3.47) | <0.001 |
| Changes from 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit‡ | 3.27 (0.57) | 5.30 (0.58) | 2.03 (1.35, 2.71) | <0.001 | 2.95 (0.74) | 5.57 (0.75) | 2.62 (1.77, 3.47) | <0.001 |
Intention-to-treat analyses, missing values for children who did not finish the 8.3-year visit were imputed using expectation maximization algorithm. Per-protocol analyses, excluding participants who did not finish the 8.3-year visit.
Data shown are Means (SE).
Adjusted for maternal information (age, gestational age, education, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and BMI), and children’s information (age, sex, birth weight, outdoor time, screening watching time, sleeping duration, dietary energy intake, dietary fiber intake and energy intake from fat) at the baseline (5.9-year) visit.
Also adjusted for the corresponding adiposity indicators at the baseline visit in the analyses at the 8.3-year visit or changes from the 5.9-year to 8.3-year visit.