Table 4.
Included human studies with their characteristics.
| Authors | Country | Study type | Study design | No. of patients | No. of implants | TiO2 coating technique | Prosthesis type | Soft tissue analysis | Exposure time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glauser et al. [47] | Switzerland | NA | NA | 5 pt | 12 Screw-shaped one-piece mini-implant, 2.3 mm × 10 mm (four test four ctr four acid etched) | Micro arc oxidation oxidized and micro—porous TiO2 layer |
4 mm cylindrical abutment portion in contact with the soft tissue | (i) Clinical observation (ii) Peri-implant soft tissue barrier (qualitative and quantitative scoring analysis: (iii) Histological analysis (iv) Histomorphometric analysis |
8 weeks |
|
| |||||||||
| Schupbach and Glauser [48] | Switzerland | nonrandomized | Implants placed in sequence and/or bilaterally. | 5 pt | 12 Screw-shaped one-piece mini-implants (Nobel Biocare AB), 2.3 mm × 10 mm. (four test four ctr four acid etched) | oxidized and micro—porous TiO2 layer | 4 mm cylindrical abutment portion in contact with the soft tissue | (i) Structural and ultrastructural features of the interface between transmucosal implants and surrounding tissues (ii) Histological analysis (iii) SEM |
8 weeks |
|
| |||||||||
| Wennerberg et al. [41] | Sweden & Finland | Randomized allocation | Split mouth | 15 pt | 30 experimental micro implants 10 and 13 mm long, × 2.2 mm width), (15 test; 15 ctr) | Sol–gel derived TiO2 (MetAlive®, Vivoxid Ltd., Turku, Finland). Coating thickness = 380 nm Ra (TiO2 coating) = 0.88 nm |
Abutment part 3.4 mm and 6.4 mm long | (i) Clinical investigation (ii) Histological analysis |
14 weeks |
|
| |||||||||
| Göthberg et al. [42] | Sweden | Randomized allocation | Controlled parallel | 50 pt | 150 Brånemark TiUnite implants (Nobel Biocare AB) (62 test; 64 ctr) | Oxidized (TiUnite) | Three-unit fixed prosthesis connected directly at implant level or via machined abutment or an oxidized abutment (TiUnite) | (i) Soft tissue height coronal from the abutment platform to the mucosal margin (ii) Plaque index (PI) (iii) Peri-implant probing pocket depth (PPD) (iv) Bleeding on probing (BoP) |
2 days, 2 and 4 weeks, 3 and 6 months, and 1, 3, and 5 years. |
|
| |||||||||
| Raes et al. [43] | Belgium | Randomized allocation | Split mouth | 18 patients with a history of severe periodontitis | 84 Brånemark MK III (Nobel Biocare AB) (42 test; 42 ctr) | Oxidized (TiUnite) | Full arch fixed or overdenture with machined or oxidized (TiUnite) abutments | (i) Probing pocket depth (PPD), (ii) Clinical attachment level (CAL), (iii) Bleeding on probing (BoP), (iv) Microbiological analysis |
1, 3, 5 years |
| Hall et al.[44] | Sweden | Randomized allocation | Split mouth | 35 pt | 70 Brånemark Mk III or Mk IV, (TiUnite, Nobel Biocare AB) (35 test; 35 ctr) | Nanostructured anodized coating thickness = 100 nm Ra = 0.2 μm |
abutments with anodized or machined surface | (i) Soft tissue assessments: (ii) Bleeding on probing(BoP) (iii) Height of keratinized mucosa (iv) Redness and swelling (v) Plaque accumulation (vi) Peri-implant probing depth(PPD) (vii) Gene expression analysis by qPCR |
6-week, 6-month, and 2-year |
|
| |||||||||
| Dib-Zaitum et al. [45] | Spain | Randomized allocation | Split mouth | 10 pt | 40 endosseous implants (IPX−4010_Galimplant) (20 anodized, 20 machined) | Anodized | Transepithelial abutments with anodized or machined surfaces | (i) Clinical measurement (ii) Histological parameter (iii) Histomorphometric analysis |
8 weeks |
|
| |||||||||
| Farrag and khamis [46] | Egypt | Randomized allocation | Split mouth | 30 pt | 60 Screw bone-level implants (Dentium)(30 test; 30 ctr) | Anodized | cement-retained crowns on anodized or non-anodized abutments | (i) Clinical parameters: (ii) Peri-implant probing depth (PPD) (iii) Soft tissue recession (iv) Modified sulcus bleeding index (v) Modified plaque index (vi) Modified gingival index |
At insertion (baseline), 3, 6, 12 and 18 months |
Abbreviations: NA, not available; ctr, control; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SEM, scanning electron microscope; Ra, the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the profile heights; and pt, patients.