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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Dec 26;76(4):638–646. doi: 10.1002/art.42731

Table 3:

Multivariable models examining participant characteristics associated with serum urate goal achievement including treatment adherence as a covariate

A. Participants with Missing Adherence Records Excluded
(N=632)
B. Non-adherence Imputed for Missing Adherence
(N=764)
Characteristic Odds Ratio (95% CI) P-value Odds Ratio (95% CI) P-value
DEMOGRAPHICS
Age, per year 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) <0.001 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) <0.001
Male (vs. Female) 0.00 (0.00, I) 0.98 0.00 (0.00, I) 0.98
Race 0.002 <0.001
 White/Caucasian Referent Referent
 Black/African American 0.34 (0.19, 0.62) 0.34 (0.20, 0.56)
 Other 0.74 (0.32, 1.70) 0.50 (0.27, 0.95)
Education 0.15 0.11
 High School or less Referent Referent
 Some College or Associates Degree 1.20 (0.66, 2.17) 1.13 (0.68, 1.89)
 Bachelor’s Degree or higher 2.23 (1.08, 4.61) 2.00 (1.09, 3.68)
 Other/Not Stated 1.32 (0.23, 7.45) 1.31 (0.30, 5.66)
CORMOBIDITY & HEALTH FACTORS
Chronic kidney disease – Stage III 1.13 (0.65, 1.99) 0.66 1.14 (0.70, 1.86) 0.59
Hypertension 1.59 (0.83, 3.06) 0.16 1.33 (0.78, 2.25) 0.30
Diabetes 1.24 (0.69, 2.23) 0.46 1.29 (0.78, 2.13) 0.33
Cardiovascular disease 0.52 (0.28, 0.95) 0.03 0.61 (0.36, 1.02) 0.06
Body mass index, kg/m2 0.33 0.77
 < 25 (healthy) Referent Referent
 25 ≤ BMI < 30 (overweight) 0.63 (0.17, 2.39) 0.83 (0.30, 2.32)
 30 ≤ BMI < 35 (obese) 0.39 (0.11, 1.39) 0.66 (0.24, 1.80)
 ≥ 35 (morbidly obese) 0.45 (0.13, 1.58) 0.78 (0.29, 2.13)
EQ-5D-3L index, per 0.1 unit 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) 0.001 1.19 (1.08, 1.31) <0.001
GOUT RELATED FACTORS
SU, per 1 mg/dl 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) 0.05 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) 0.03
Duration of gout, per 1 year 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) 0.22 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) 0.06
Presence of tophi 0.21 (0.11, 0.39) <0.001 0.29 (0.17, 0.49) <0.001
Prior allopurinol use 0.99 (0.59, 1.68) 0.98 1.06 (0.68, 1.66) 0.80
Diuretic use 0.56 (0.31, 1.04) 0.07 0.50 (0.30, 0.84) 0.009
Adherence (≥80% days taken) 2.29 (1.05, 4.98) 0.04 2.81 (1.82, 4.35) <0.001

Abbreviations: I, infinity; BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D-3L, EuroQol 5 Dimension-3 Level; SU, serum urate; Model A excludes participants with missing pill count data in Phase 2; Model B includes all 764 participants from post-hoc analysis, imputing non-adherent status for all patients with Phase 2 missing pill count data; 2 records missing BMI covariate; SU goal < 6 mg/dl or < 5 mg/dl if tophi

C-statistics 0.79 (both models)