Fig. 15.

Macrophage membrane-coated nanomaterials and macrophage-based microrobot for the treatment of digestive system tumor.

(A) Macrophage membrane-coated nanomaterials for the treatment of CRC. AB@LM targets CRC tissue and releases BPQD and Abemaciclib. Under NIR light irradiation, BPQD generates ROS to induce ICD and activate DC and effector T cells. Abemaciclib induces direct apoptosis of colon cancer cells and inhibition of Tregs [353]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

(B) Macrophage membrane-coated nanomaterials for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. MPGNPs and erlotinib target tumor tissues. MPGNPs released Gem and inhibited DNA synthesis in pancreatic cancer cells by promoting the dFdCMP-dFdCDP-dFdCTP signaling pathway. Erlotinib binds to EGFR and activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells [354]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

(C) Macrophage-based microrobot for the treatment of CRC. Macrophages phagocytized PLGA-DTX-Fe₃O₄ to form a mixed-driven microrobot. Under the action of the EMA system, PLGA-DTX-Fe₃O₄ targets tumor spheres and delivers DTX, thereby leading to CRC cell apoptosis [356].Copyright 2016, Jiwon Han et al.

(D) Macrophage-based microrobot for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Macrophages engulf core/shell iron/iron oxide nanoparticles to form macrophage-based microrobots. Macrophage-based microrobots were injected into mice in a disseminated peritoneal pancreatic cancer model. Under the action of AMF, macrophage-based microrobots target the tumor tissue, generate heat, induce pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis, and promote immune cell infiltration. By FigDraw. CRC, Colorectal cancer; AB@LM, Artificial Assembled Macrophages; BPQD, Black phosphorus quantum dot; NIR, Near-infrared; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; ICD, Immunogenic cell death; DC, Dendritic cell; Tregs, Regulatory T cells; MPGNPs, Gemcitabine-loaded PLGA NPs with macrophage membrane coating; dFdCMP, Gemcitabine monophosphate; dFdCDP, Gemcitabine diphosphate; dFdCTP, gemcitabine triphosphate; EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, AGC serine/threonine kinases; mTOR, Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin; Ras, Rat sarcoma; Raf, Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PLGA, Poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid; DTX, Docetaxel; PLGA-DTX-Fe₃O₄ NPs, Poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid-Docetaxel-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.