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. 2024 Mar 13;11:1380506. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1380506

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© 2024 Fazio, Mercurio, Tibullo, Fazio and Affuso.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Actions of hyperinsulinemia on cardiovascular system. PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; LV, left ventricle; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells; ED, endothelial dysfunction.