Table 3.
The regulatory roles of ncRNA in metabolic pathways in genitourinary cancers.
| ncRNA | Description |
|---|---|
| Glucose Metabolism | |
| miR-34a/c | Directly target LDH mRNA in pancreatic cancer. Decreased in bladder and prostate cancer tissue. Upregulation inhibits cancer cell growth and viability. |
| miR-155 | Targets C/enhancer binding protein alpha, inhibiting miR143, which inhibits hexokinase 2. Cell-free expression correlates with the stage and grade of bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. |
| mi R-1 24 | Regulates genes of both pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in prostate and bladder cancer. Significantly lower in renal cell carcinoma tissue compared to normal tissue. |
| LncUCA1 | Activates mTOR, inducing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein, and inhibiting miR-143, thereby upregulating hexokinase 2 and glycolysis in bladder cancer. |
| PCGEM1 | Overexpressed in prostate and renal cell carcinoma, promoting glucose uptake for aerobic glycolysis and coupling it with PPP to facilitate nucleotide and lipid biosynthesis. |
| ln CASC8 c | Reduced in high-grade bladder cancer. Binds to fibroblast growth ftor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and abrogates lactate dehydrogenase phosphorylation, reducing glycolysis and inhibiting bladder cancer cell growth. |
| lncFILNC1 | Knockdown increases c-Myc protein level by FILNC1-AUF1-c- Myc signaling axis under glucose starvation conditions in RCC. |
| SLC16A1-AS1 | Improves glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration by increasing ATP synthesis in bladder cancer, leading to increased proliferation by fatty acid oxidation. |
| miR-210 | Upregulated in RCC predominantly mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor1. Upregulated in blood serum of bladder cancer patients, increases with disease progression. Regulates bladder cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis by targeting FGFRL1. Overexpression is significantly higher in tumor tissues of prostate cancer, correlated with bone metastasis. |
| Glutamine Metabolism | |
| miR-23a/b, lncRNA CCAT2, miR-23b* | Concurrent regulation of glutaminase (GLS) by miR23a/b and lncRNA CCAT2. Allele-specific metabolic reprogramming of renal cell carcinoma. |
| lincRNA-p21 | Inhibits bladder cancer proliferation by negatively regulating glutaminase, glutamate, and αketoglutarate expression. Overexpression of glutaminase rescues inhibition of lincRNAp21 on bladder cancer survival. |
| LncUCA1 | Significantly expressed in bladder cancer tissues compared to normal tissue. Reduces ROS production, rescues mitochondrial function, upregulates glutaminase levels, and increases GLS1 and GLS2 mRNA expression. Interferes with miR16's tumor suppressor role in bladder cancer cells. Regulates redox state and glutamine metabolism contributing to tumorigenesis. |
| Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle | |
| miR-181a, miR-183, let-7 | Target isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and PDK1 in the TCA cycle. |
| LncGAS5 | Acts as a tumor suppressor by blocking TCA cycle regulation. Overexpression decreases cell viability through inhibition of enhancer of zest homolog 2 (EZH2) transcription by interacting with E2F4, resulting in increased expression of miR101. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
| miR-195 | Targets glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) and ADPribosylation protein (ARL2) in bladder tumor cells. Suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line. In prostate cancer, inhibits cancer growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). |
| miR-17-3p | Inhibits antioxidant enzymes, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase 2, and thioredoxin reductase 2 in prostate cancer cell lines, sensitizing them to ionizing radiation. Improves radiotherapy for aggressive tumors, including advanced prostate cancer. |
| circ_0004463, miR- 380-3p | circ_0004463 downregulated in bladder cancer tissue acts as a tumor suppressor. miR3803p upregulated in bladder cancer, promotes cell proliferation by mitochondrial metabolism. |
| Lipid Metabolism | |
| AnxA3 | Regulates differentiation of adipose tissue into fat cells. Decreased expression of 36kDa AnxA3 and increased expression of 33kDa AnxA3 in renal cell carcinoma. Decreased expression is associated with low lipid storage in ccRCC cells. |
| miR-185, miR-342 | Regulates lipid and cholesterol production by inhibiting sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP)1 and 2. Downregulates fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 3hydroxy3methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in prostate cancer cell lines, inhibiting cell growth, migration, and invasion. |
| miR-101 | Suppresses COX-2 expression, inhibiting cell and tumor growth in prostate cancer. |