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. 2024 Mar 13;15:1272294. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1272294

Table 5.

Relations of early educators’ adverse experiences and post-traumatic growth to children’s EF after accounting for ECE emotion regulation and psychological distress.

BRIEF-P general EF BRIEF-P inhibitory self control BRIEF-P flexibility BRIEF-P emergent metacognition
Est SE Bootstrapped CI Est SE Bootstrapped CI Est SE Bootstrapped CI Est SE Bootstrapped CI
Fixed effects
Intercept 64.96 8.92 45.34 79.46 61.04 8.07 43.45 74.60 61.87 8.36 44.55 77.17 63.82 9.56 41.90 8.22
Intervention group 3.52 2.04 −0.56 7.57 3.29 2.03 −0.61 7.56 2.09 1.87 −1.62 5.53 5.24* 2.15 0.94 9.38
Child age 0.39 1.40 −1.74 3.73 0.67 1.25 −1.07 4.00 0.45 1.28 −1.63 3.61 0.27 1.55 −2.89 3.46
Child male gender 5.07** 1.76 1.89 8.94 4.35** 1.70 0.84 7.85 4.77** 1.64 1.41 7.79 5.58** 1.85 2.51 9.86
Parent education −0.16 0.27 −0.74 0.35 −0.08 0.24 −0.58 0.36 0.18 0.20 −0.27 0.55 −0.26 0.30 −0.90 0.34
ECE Yrs. experience −0.09 0.18 −0.44 0.26 −0.05 0.17 −0.40 0.28 −0.27 0.15 −0.56 0.02 0.07 0.19 −0.30 0.46
ECE income −0.59 0.34 −1.36 −0.03 −0.74 0.33 −1.49 −0.21 −0.35 0.32 −1.10 0.19 −0.58 0.37 −1.34 0.08
ECE workplace stressors −0.19 0.09 −0.39 −0.03 −0.21 0.09 −0.40 −0.05 −0.27 0.10 −0.47 −0.10 −0.15 0.11 −0.38 0.07
ECE DERS −0.09 0.06 −0.20 0.03 −0.08 0.05 −0.18 0.04 −0.10 0.06 −0.21 0.02 −0.08 0.07 −0.21 0.06
ECE psychological distress 0.08 0.06 −0.02 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.27 0.10 0.06 −0.01 0.24 0.03 0.07 −0.10 0.19
ECE total ACEs 1.15 0.84 −0.44 2.95 0.64 0.69 −0.82 2.05 0.50 0.75 −0.84 2.05 1.09 0.90 −0.55 3.16
ECE post-traumatic growth −3.63 1.53 −6.44 −0.20 −2.72 1.30 −4.82 0.29 −1.43 1.39 −4.10 1.52 −4.14 1.71 −7.04 −0.25
Random effects
Residual 95.63 13.59 80.78 11.95 85.25 13.76 105.47 16.33
Intercept (ECE) 8.96 1.21 15.02 11.93 9.94 12.96 9.73 12.96
−2 Restricted log likelihood 1017.87 1002.79 999.49 1031.48
AIC 1021.87 1006.79 1003.49 1035.48
Pseudo-R2 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.17

Bolded confidence intervals represent significant effects in bootstrapped analyses; **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 in non-bootstrapped models. N = 48 teachers, 138 children. BRIEF-P, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool; Yrs, Years; ECE, Early childhood educator; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; AIC, Akaike’s Information Criterion; Est, Estimate.