Table 4.
Adjusted for age, gender, race, poverty to income ratio, education level, BMI, marital status, smoke status, alcohol status, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
| Q1 | Q2 | p | Q3 | p | Q4 | p | p for trend | p for interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.15 | ||||||||
| Female | ref | −2.45 (−3.58, −1.33) | 0.003 | −2.74 (−4.24, −1.25) | 0.01 | −3.57 (−5.06, −2.08) | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
| Male | ref | −1.15 (−2.07, −0.23) | 0.02 | −1.7 (−2.62, −0.78) | 0.01 | −2.41 (−3.46, −1.35) | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
| Age | 0.61 | ||||||||
| 20–29 | ref | −0.99 (−2.82, 0.83) | 0.24 | −1.65 (−2.67, −0.62) | 0.01 | −2.36 (−3.75, −0.97) | 0.004 | 0.01 | |
| 30–39 | ref | −0.93 (−1.90, 0.04) | 0.06 | −1.42 (−2.77, −0.07) | 0.04 | −2 (−3.53, −0.47) | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| 40–49 | ref | −2.59 (−4.22, −0.95) | 0.01 | −2.44 (−4.12, −0.77) | 0.01 | −4.04 (−5.74, −2.34) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 50–59 | ref | −1.82 (−3.08, −0.56) | 0.01 | −2.05 (−3.67, −0.44) | 0.02 | −2.66 (−4.43, −0.89) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| ≥60 | ref | −1.69 (−2.77, −0.61) | 0.01 | −2.45 (−3.55, −1.36) | <0.001 | −2.73 (−4.30, −1.17) | 0.004 | 0.002 | |
| Race | 0.12 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | ref | −2.76 (−5.48, −0.04) | 0.05 | −2.79 (−5.76, 0.19) | 0.06 | −4.28 (−7.46, −1.09) | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
| Mexican American | ref | −1.11 (−2.46, 0.25) | 0.09 | −1.09 (−2.72, 0.54) | 0.15 | −2.49 (−4.07, −0.91) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | ref | −1.76 (−2.56, −0.96) | 0.002 | −2.04 (−2.93, −1.15) | 0.001 | −2.62 (−3.78, −1.46) | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Other race | ref | −0.27 (−2.23, 1.69) | 0.75 | −1.72 (−3.45, 0.01) | 0.05 | −3 (−5.41, −0.59) | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Body mass index | 0.03 | ||||||||
| <25 | ref | −0.85 (−3.75, 2.05) | 0.5 | −2.35 (−4.81, 0.11) | 0.06 | −2.97 (−5.49, −0.44) | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
| 25–29.9 | ref | −2.84 (−3.97, −1.70) | <0.001 | −2.44 (−3.75, −1.12) | 0.004 | −3.03 (−4.69, −1.37) | 0.004 | 0.01 | |
| ≥30 | ref | −1.5 (−2.44, −0.55) | 0.01 | −1.99 (−2.92, −1.07) | 0.002 | −2.65 (−3.77, −1.53) | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Education level | 0.24 | ||||||||
| Above | ref | −1.96 (−2.95, −0.97) | 0.003 | −2.08 (−3.03, −1.13) | 0.002 | −2.61 (−3.69, −1.53) | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| High school | ref | −2.37 (−3.16, −1.58) | <0.001 | −2.34 (−3.54, −1.14) | 0.003 | −3.77 (−5.23, −2.31) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Below | ref | −0.94 (−2.79, 0.91) | 0.26 | −1.98 (−4.27, 0.31) | 0.08 | −2.97 (−5.35, −0.58) | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Marital status | 0.22 | ||||||||
| Married/living with partner | ref | −2.31 (−3.34, −1.27) | 0.002 | −2.12 (−3.28, −0.96) | 0.004 | −2.91 (−4.14, −1.69) | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Never married | ref | −0.75 (−2.56, 1.05) | 0.35 | −2.44 (−3.87, −1.00) | 0.01 | −3 (−4.78, −1.22) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | ref | −0.88 (−2.52, 0.77) | 0.24 | −1.91 (−4.01, 0.19) | 0.07 | −2.9 (−5.24, −0.56) | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Poverty to income ratio | 0.19 | ||||||||
| <1.3 | ref | −1.58 (−3.15, −0.02) | 0.05 | −2.13 (−3.45, −0.80) | 0.01 | −3.57 (−5.46, −1.68) | 0.004 | 0.002 | |
| 1.3–3.49 | ref | −1.64 (−2.69, −0.59) | 0.01 | −1.98 (−3.21, −0.75) | 0.01 | −2.43 (−3.98, −0.88) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| ≥3.5 | ref | −1.89 (−3.02, −0.75) | 0.01 | −2.14 (−3.16, −1.13) | 0.002 | −2.98 (−4.29, −1.68) | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Smoke status | 0.16 | ||||||||
| Former smoker | ref | −2.56 (−3.86, −1.25) | 0.003 | −2.42 (−4.11, −0.72) | 0.01 | −3.75 (−5.51, −1.98) | 0.002 | 0.003 | |
| Nonsmoker | ref | −2 (−2.93, −1.07) | 0.002 | −2.49 (−3.16, −1.81) | <0.001 | −2.93 (−3.87, −2.00) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Current smoker | ref | −0.8 (−2.20, 0.60) | 0.21 | −1.18 (−2.70, 0.34) | 0.11 | −2.52 (−4.19, −0.86) | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
| Alcohol status | 0.34 | ||||||||
| Former | ref | −2.33 (−4.26, −0.40) | 0.02 | −2.59 (−4.58, −0.61) | 0.02 | −4.04 (−6.51, −1.58) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Never | ref | −1.85 (−3.68, −0.02) | 0.05 | −2.7 (−4.92, −0.48) | 0.02 | −3.58 (−5.62, −1.54) | 0.004 | 0.003 | |
| Mild | ref | −1.96 (−3.26, −0.66) | 0.01 | −2.12 (−3.43, −0.81) | 0.01 | −2.7 (−4.18, −1.22) | 0.003 | 0.004 | |
| Moderate | ref | −1.29 (−2.87, 0.29) | 0.1 | −1.87 (−3.51, −0.22) | 0.03 | −2.63 (−4.43, −0.83) | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Heavy | ref | −0.92 (−1.76, −0.08) | 0.04 | −1.34 (−2.18, −0.49) | 0.01 | −1.96 (−3.06, −0.86) | 0.003 | 0.001 | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| No | ref | −1.12 (−1.78, −0.46) | 0.01 | −1.31 (−2.10, −0.52) | 0.01 | −2.11 (−3.00, −1.22) | 0.002 | 0.002 | |
| Yes | ref | −3.63 (−6.26, −1) | 0.02 | −6.24 (−9.22, −3.26) | 0.003 | −6.23 (−10.23, −2.24) | 0.01 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 0.16 | ||||||||
| No | ref | −2.07 (−2.94, −1.19) | 0.002 | −3 (−3.69, −2.30) | <0.001 | −3.81 (−5.44, −2.19) | 0.002 | <0.0001 | |
| Yes | ref | −1.33 (−2.41, −0.26) | 0.02 | −1.37 (−2.60, −0.14) | 0.04 | −2.1 (−3.30, −0.89) | 0.01 | 0.005 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.06 | ||||||||
| No | ref | −1.88 (−2.55, −1.21) | <0.001 | −2.12 (−3.04, −1.21) | 0.002 | −2.64 (−3.77, −1.51) | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
| Yes | ref | −0.74 (−2.54, 1.05) | 0.34 | −1.57 (−3, −0.13) | 0.04 | −2.86 (−4.40, −1.33) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Q1, The first quartile; Q2, The second quartile; Q3, The third quartile; and Q4, The fourth quartile; ref, reference.