Table 2.

Association between maternal gut microbiota and the disorders of the offspring in model/participants, mechanisms, and results/conclusions.

The disorders in the offspring	Model/participants	Mechanisms	Results/conclusions	Author (year)	Ref.
Allergic diseases	36 maternal-offspring pairs	Not available	Maternal gut microbiota has higher abundance of Candidatus_Stoquefichus and Pseudomonas during pregnancy when their infants have atopic dermatitis.	Fan et al. (2022)	(191)
	68 maternal-offspring pairs (24 infants diagnosed with food allergy)	Not available	Maternal carriage of Holdemania during the third trimester strongly bodes for the absence of food allergies in infants.	Wang et al. (2022)	(192)
	58 maternal-offspring pairs with food allergy, 258 maternal-offspring pairs as controls	Not available	Maternal carriage of Prevotella copri during pregnancy strongly bodes for the absence of food allergy in the offspring.	Vuillermin et al. (2020)	(193)
	Pregnant mice treated with three concentrations of the antibiotic vancomycin	Through altering the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the composition of microbiota in offspring	Prenatal antibiotic exposure, which causes changes in the gut microbiota composition in both mothers and the offspring and decreases SCFAs, is associated with increased offspring asthma severity.	Alhasan et al. (2020)	(194)
	Pregnant rats given drinking water with insulin or normal water	Through altering the concentration of SCFAs and the composition of microbiota in offspring	Inulin intake alters maternal gut microbiota composition, with increased SCFA-producing bacteria, alleviating the inflammatory response in the offspring; inulin intake during pregnancy regulates the composition of the gut microbiota of the offspring.	Yuan et al. (2023)	(195)
	Pregnant mice provided with control, high-fiber or no-fiber diet, or acetate in the drinking water	Through maternal-fetal transfer of acetate	High-fiber/acetate feeding of pregnant mice protects their adult offspring from developing allergic airways disease by promoting gene regulation in the fetal lung and affecting Treg biology in the fetus.	Thorburn et al. (2015)	(12)
Neurodevelopmental diseases	Germ-free mice, antibiotic-treated mice and specific pathogen-free mice	Through microbiota-derived metabolites	Maternal gut microbiota promotes fetal axonogenesis, probably by microbe-related metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide and imidazole propionate.	Vuong et al. (2020)	(9)
	116 mother-child pairs	Not available	Fusobacteriia is more related to high fine motor skills in the maternal prenatal gut microbiota but more associated with low fine motor skills in the infant gut microbiota.	Sun et al. (2023)	(196)
	BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)	Through maternal-fetal transfer of butyrate	Maternal butyrate treatment can improve ASD-like symptoms in the offspring.	Cristiano et al. (2022)	(197)
	Mouse model with maternal immune activation	Through Th17 cells and IL-17a	Maternal immune activation-associated abnormalities in the offspring require maternal gut microbiota that promotes Th17 differentiation.	Kim et al. (2017)	(10)
	Mice transplanted with high-fat diet (HFD)- or control diet-associated gut microbiota	Not available	HFD-induced maternal dysbiosis can disrupt behavioral function in murine offspring in a sex-specific manner.	Bruce-Keller et al. (2017)	(198)
	778 children aged 7-14 years and their mothers; mouse model	Through altering the concentration of SCFAs and the composition of microbiota in offspring	Maternal obesity is correlated with cognitive and social deficits in children mediated by gut microbiota; high-fiber intake in maternal diet reshapes the gut microbiota in mother and offspring mice and reverses the neurodevelopmental deficits in the offspring.	Liu et al. (2021)	(199)
	Mice fed with a HFD or a control diet	Not available	HFD-induced maternal gut microbiota dysbiosis has multigenerational impacts on the social dysfunction of the offspring.	Di Gesù et al. (2022)	(200)
	Mice fed with a HFD or a control diet, then supplemented with probiotics	Not available	Perinatal intake of probiotics can mitigate the abnormal emotional behavior in the offspring of obese dams.	Radford-Smith et al. (2022)	(201)
	Rats exposed to a diet with antibiotics or not	Not available	Offspring exposed peri-conceptionally to SuccinylSulfaThiazole (a non-absorbable antibiotic) shows reduced social interactions.	Degroote et al. (2016)	(202)
	483,459 mothers with their first live singleton delivery	Not available	Maternal and early-life antibiotic use is associated with an increased risk of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood.	Njotto et al. (2023)	(203)
	213 pregnant women and their children	Not available	The alpha diversity of the maternal gut microbiota during the third trimester of pregnancy bodes for child internalising behavior.	Dawson et al. (2021)	(204)