Table 2.

Prevalence of hardship financing by background characteristics of hospitalized households.

Variables	2014	2018	Difference	p value
	Weighted percentage	Weighted percentage
Age group of household head
Working-age adult	29.23	18.17	− 11.06	< 0.001
Older adults	28.86	19.76	− 9.10	< 0.001
Sex of the head
Male	28.75	17.65	− 11.10	< 0.001
Female	32.10	25.82	− 6.28	< 0.001
Household composition
Children and adult only household	29.39	17.75	− 11.64	< 0.001
Older adult and adult only household	29.51	18.85	− 10.66	< 0.001
Only adult household	30.67	19.38	− 11.29	< 0.001
Children, adult and elderly household	26.25	16.00	− 10.25	< 0.001
Household without adult	34.16	34.97	0.81	< 0.050
Sex composition of household
With only women	28.9	18.19	− 10.71	< 0.001
Other households	38.01	34.52	− 3.49	< 0.001
Education of head
No formal education	36.95	23.79	− 13.16	< 0.001
Education less than primary	34.91	20.31	− 14.6	< 0.001
Completed primary	30.76	20.67	− 10.09	< 0.001
Middle school	27.39	16.57	− 10.82	< 0.001
Completed secondary or higher secondary	21.17	15.32	− 5.85	< 0.001
Graduation and above	12.45	9.95	− 2.5	< 0.100
Quintile
First quintile	33.92	23.2	− 10.72	< 0.001
Second quintile	32.62	21.04	− 11.58	< 0.001
Third quintile	32.45	18.86	− 13.59	< 0.001
Fourth quintile	28.51	18.77	− 9.74	< 0.001
Fifth quintile	21.34	12.40	− 8.94	< 0.001
Insurance coverage
No household member is insured	26.99	16.48	− 10.51	< 0.001
One or more members insured	36.16	25.34	− 10.82	< 0.001
Death of any household member
All members are alive	28.76	18.16	− 10.6	< 0.001
At least one dead member in the last 1 year	34.63	27.5	− 7.13	< 0.001
Area of residence
Rural	31.69	19.95	− 11.74	< 0.001
Urban	24.27	15.94	− 8.33	< 0.001
Geographical region
North zone	22.98	17.71	− 5.27	< 0.001
South zone	42.8	26.42	− 16.38	< 0.001
East zone	29.69	17.23	− 12.46	< 0.001
West zone	18.49	12.87	− 5.62	< 0.001
Central zone	22.99	17.37	− 5.62	< 0.001
North-east zone	7.03	7.13	0.10	< 0.001
Union Territory	9.18	5.72	− 3.46	< 0.001
Social group
SC/ST	32.60	19.59	− 13.01	< 0.001
OBC	31.84	19.89	− 11.95	< 0.001
Others	22.17	15.83	− 6.34	< 0.001
Medical facility used
Public	22.22	14.83	− 7.39	< 0.001
Private	33.38	21.18	− 12.2	< 0.001
Disease type
One inpatient has NCD only	32.32	22.22	− 10.10	< 0.001
More than one inpatient having NCD only	45.19	30.62	− 14.57	< 0.050
One inpatient member has non-NCD only	24.39	14.81	− 9.58	< 0.001
More than one inpatient having non-NCD	35.61	22.93	− 12.68	< 0.001
Inpatients with both NCD and non-NCD	45.19	27.21	− 17.98	< 0.001
Living condition index
Low	33.62	20.6	− 13.02	< 0.001
High	23.18	14.96	− 8.22	< 0.001
Number of days hospitalized
Up to 4 days	18.6	13.66	− 4.94	< 0.001
4 to 10 days	65.59	20.41	− 45.18	< 0.001
More than 10 days to a year	54.01	32.77	− 21.24	< 0.001
Catastrophic health expenditure
No	16.47	11.46	− 5.01	< 0.001
Yes	43.65	27.75	− 15.90	< 0.001
Chronic diseases
Not suffered	26.59	16.6	− 9.99	< 0.001
Suffered	34.50	24.55	− 9.95	< 0.001

The p value reported is based on the proportion test.