Table 1.
Study population
| Parameter |
Control group (n = 22) (controls) |
HIV‐infected ART‐naïve (n = 73) (naïve) |
P value a |
HIV‐infected 9 months on ART (n = 73) (ART) |
P value b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33 ± 7 | 32 ± 7 | 0.6 | — | — |
| Female sex | 11 (50%) | 33 (45%) | 0.6 | — | — |
| Monthly household income (South African rand per month) | |||||
| <5000 | 4 (18%) | 53 (73%) | 0.02 | — | — |
| 5000–20 000 | 14 (77%) | 19 (26%) | — | — | — |
| >20 000 | 4 (18%) | 1 (1%) | — | — | — |
| Smoking history | 6 (27%) | 36 (49%) | 0.07 | 37 (51%) | — |
| Ethanol (units per week) | 0.5 (0–7) | 4 (0–12) | 0.2 | 0 (0–11) | 0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95 ± 18 | 80 ± 9 | <0.001 | 82 ± 10 | 0.06 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30 ± 8 | 23 ± 4 | <0.001 | 24 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| World Health Organization HIV clinical stage | |||||
| I | — | 28 (38%) | — | 28 (38%) | — |
| II | — | 19 (26%) | — | 19 (26%) | — |
| III | — | 25 (34%) | — | 24 (34%) | — |
| IV | — | 1 (1%) | — | 2 (1%) | — |
| On treatment for TB | — | 10 (14%) | — | 2 c (3%) | — |
| Pulmonary | — | 8 | — | 0 | — |
| Extrapulmonary | — | 2 | — | 2 | — |
| Medications | |||||
| Salbutamol metred‐dose inhaler | 1 (5%) | 1 (1%) | — | 1 (1%) | — |
| Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/ethambutol | — | 10 (14%) | — | 2 (3%) | — |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | — | 21 (29%) | — | 14 (19%) | — |
| Isoniazid prophylaxis | — | 1 (1%) | — | 43 (59%) | — |
| Pyridoxine | — | 10 (14%) | — | 43 (59%) | — |
| Tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir | — | Naïve | — | 71 (97%) | — |
| Losartan | — | — | — | 2 (3%) | — |
| Amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide | — | 1 (2%) | — | 3 (4%) | — |
| Statins | — | — | — | 1 (1%) | — |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||
| Systolic | 119 ± 13 | 112 ± 16 | 0.07 | 112 ± 15 | 0.7 |
| Diastolic | 76 ± 9 | 71 ± 10 | 0.04 | 68 ± 10 | 0.02 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 90 ± 9 | 85 ± 11 | 0.04 | 83 ± 11 | 0.1 |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TB, tuberculosis.
Continuous variables are mean ± standard deviation or median (inter‐quartile range) unless otherwise specified. P values in bold indicate statistical significance.
a
Controls vs. naïve.
b
Naïve vs. ART.
c
One additional patient developed tuberculosis after recruitment.