Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| COVID-19 infection |
COVID-19 related hospitalization |
COVID-19 related mortality |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MM |
No MM |
MM |
No MM |
MM |
No MM |
|||||||
| Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | |
| N | 101427 | 404647 | 411485 | 822844 | 16675 | 164290 | 17333 | 171818 | 5371 | 52715 | 2325 | 22624 |
| Age, years | 69.73 (13.29) | 69.78 (13.15) | 49.34 (17.31) | 49.38 (17.33) | 78.58 (12.98) | 78.63 (12.49) | 62.37 (22.99) | 62.17 (22.87) | 83.94 (10.45) | 83.70 (10.14) | 83.94 (13.06) | 83.60 (12.91) |
| Sex, male | 53442 (52.7) | 213217 (52.7) | 191134 (46.4) | 382208 (46.4) | 9209 (55.2) | 90946 (55.4) | 8407 (48.5) | 83339 (48.5) | 3218 (59.9) | 31767 (60.3) | 1346 (57.9) | 13107 (57.9) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.43 (1.56) | 1.37 (1.48) | 0.09 (0.40) | 0.09 (0.38) | 2.22 (2.02) | 2.03 (1.92) | 0.32 (0.81) | 0.24 (0.59) | 2.55 (2.17) | 2.34 (2.05) | 0.52 (1.02) | 0.42 (0.78) |
| Alcohol misuse | 1358 (1.3) | 4880 (1.2) | 438 (0.1) | 996 (0.1) | 200 (1.2) | 1547 (0.9) | 30 (0.2) | 150 (0.1) | 61 (1.1) | 451 (0.9) | 5 (0.2) | 9 (0.0) |
| Asthma | 3977 (3.9) | 13927 (3.4) | 2487 (0.6) | 4148 (0.5) | 577 (3.5) | 5831 (3.5) | 92 (0.5) | 1483 (0.9) | 136 (2.5) | 1967 (3.7) | 5 (0.2) | 172 (0.8) |
| Cancer, lymphoma | 585 (0.6) | 1325 (0.3) | 327 (0.1) | 494 (0.1) | 236 (1.4) | 941 (0.6) | 94 (0.5) | 193 (0.1) | 66 (1.2) | 326 (0.6) | 9 (0.4) | 31 (0.1) |
| Cancer, metastatic | 2605 (2.6) | 9270 (2.3) | 350 (0.1) | 695 (0.1) | 854 (5.1) | 8124 (4.9) | 85 (0.5) | 281 (0.2) | 310 (5.8) | 3176 (6.0) | 22 (0.9) | 93 (0.4) |
| Cancer, non-metastatic | 5284 (5.2) | 17656 (4.4) | 2087 (0.5) | 3656 (0.4) | 1321 (7.9) | 11708 (7.1) | 319 (1.8) | 1519 (0.9) | 359 (6.7) | 3860 (7.3) | 24 (1.0) | 175 (0.8) |
| Chronic pain | 12316 (12.1) | 35033 (8.7) | 6324 (1.5) | 12525 (1.5) | 2721 (16.3) | 16672 (10.1) | 390 (2.3) | 2998 (1.7) | 866 (16.1) | 5996 (11.4) | 75 (3.2) | 561 (2.5) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 5620 (5.5) | 16002 (4.0) | 1412 (0.3) | 1981 (0.2) | 1965 (11.8) | 11453 (7.0) | 300 (1.7) | 1974 (1.1) | 745 (13.9) | 5180 (9.8) | 70 (3.0) | 637 (2.8) |
| Chronic viral hepatitis B | 4501 (4.4) | 17375 (4.3) | 2673 (0.6) | 4511 (0.5) | 248 (1.5) | 3949 (2.4) | 56 (0.3) | 633 (0.4) | 38 (0.7) | 869 (1.6) | 2 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) |
| Cirrhosis | 1237 (1.2) | 3764 (0.9) | 242 (0.1) | 531 (0.1) | 432 (2.6) | 2661 (1.6) | 41 (0.2) | 287 (0.2) | 150 (2.8) | 873 (1.7) | 11 (0.5) | 45 (0.2) |
| Dementia | 3210 (3.2) | 6642 (1.6) | 544 (0.1) | 629 (0.1) | 1694 (10.2) | 6575 (4.0) | 273 (1.6) | 1076 (0.6) | 783 (14.6) | 2960 (5.6) | 126 (5.4) | 453 (2.0) |
| Depression | 5767 (5.7) | 19416 (4.8) | 5347 (1.3) | 22970 (2.8) | 852 (5.1) | 4874 (3.0) | 162 (0.9) | 2936 (1.7) | 217 (4.0) | 1255 (2.4) | 15 (0.6) | 92 (0.4) |
| Diabetes | 61123 (60.3) | 267453 (66.1) | 11482 (2.8) | 27563 (3.3) | 8277 (49.6) | 106341 (64.7) | 597 (3.4) | 12251 (7.1) | 2455 (45.7) | 32410 (61.5) | 98 (4.2) | 1932 (8.5) |
| Hypertension | 83332 (82.2) | 348691 (86.2) | 47035 (11.4) | 166249 (20.2) | 12777 (76.6) | 141176 (85.9) | 2177 (12.6) | 41810 (24.3) | 3977 (74.0) | 45484 (86.3) | 359 (15.4) | 7392 (32.7) |
| Hyperthyroidism | 4966 (4.9) | 21506 (5.3) | 3345 (0.8) | 16197 (2.0) | 663 (4.0) | 5933 (3.6) | 91 (0.5) | 1947 (1.1) | 177 (3.3) | 1648 (3.1) | 7 (0.3) | 103 (0.5) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 180 (0.2) | 642 (0.2) | 237 (0.1) | 1299 (0.2) | 34 (0.2) | 109 (0.1) | 27 (0.2) | 139 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 27 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 317 (0.3) | 953 (0.2) | 306 (0.1) | 598 (0.1) | 23 (0.1) | 225 (0.1) | 5 (0.0) | 86 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 67 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) |
| Parkinson’s disease | 1163 (1.1) | 3155 (0.8) | 263 (0.1) | 644 (0.1) | 489 (2.9) | 1803 (1.1) | 91 (0.5) | 268 (0.2) | 257 (4.8) | 754 (1.4) | 37 (1.6) | 63 (0.3) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 2559 (2.5) | 8789 (2.2) | 714 (0.2) | 1011 (0.1) | 593 (3.6) | 5577 (3.4) | 59 (0.3) | 619 (0.4) | 193 (3.6) | 2125 (4.0) | 11 (0.5) | 139 (0.6) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 459 (0.5) | 1697 (0.4) | 53 (0.0) | 151 (0.0) | 112 (0.7) | 899 (0.5) | 7 (0.0) | 51 (0.0) | 34 (0.6) | 332 (0.6) | 1 (0.0) | 10 (0.0) |
| Psoriasis | 608 (0.6) | 1934 (0.5) | 337 (0.1) | 716 (0.1) | 91 (0.5) | 610 (0.4) | 16 (0.1) | 103 (0.1) | 23 (0.4) | 157 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.0) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1229 (1.2) | 4004 (1.0) | 959 (0.2) | 2631 (0.3) | 241 (1.4) | 1405 (0.9) | 66 (0.4) | 823 (0.5) | 62 (1.2) | 406 (0.8) | 8 (0.3) | 91 (0.4) |
| Schizophrenia | 2032 (2.0) | 5097 (1.3) | 1583 (0.4) | 8053 (1.0) | 446 (2.7) | 1089 (0.7) | 118 (0.7) | 804 (0.5) | 138 (2.6) | 264 (0.5) | 23 (1.0) | 24 (0.1) |
| Severe constipation | 14888 (14.7) | 45992 (11.4) | 5971 (1.5) | 11249 (1.4) | 3130 (18.8) | 22483 (13.7) | 410 (2.4) | 2879 (1.7) | 942 (17.5) | 7949 (15.1) | 67 (2.9) | 507 (2.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 8143 (8.0) | 24553 (6.1) | 1101 (0.3) | 2659 (0.3) | 2679 (16.1) | 16279 (9.9) | 194 (1.1) | 1137 (0.7) | 1172 (21.8) | 6533 (12.4) | 55 (2.4) | 285 (1.3) |
| Congestive heart failure | 6759 (6.7) | 19013 (4.7) | 502 (0.1) | 1168 (0.1) | 2659 (15.9) | 15623 (9.5) | 121 (0.7) | 907 (0.5) | 1162 (21.6) | 7021 (13.3) | 36 (1.5) | 280 (1.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 14435 (14.2) | 54604 (13.5) | 2617 (0.6) | 4902 (0.6) | 4429 (26.6) | 36242 (22.1) | 422 (2.4) | 1322 (0.8) | 1922 (35.8) | 14345 (27.2) | 139 (6.0) | 269 (1.2) |
| Epilepsy | 1339 (1.3) | 3121 (0.8) | 969 (0.2) | 4765 (0.6) | 467 (2.8) | 1160 (0.7) | 162 (0.9) | 533 (0.3) | 138 (2.6) | 469 (0.9) | 13 (0.6) | 36 (0.2) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 131 (0.1) | 424 (0.1) | 109 (0.0) | 585 (0.1) | 26 (0.2) | 119 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 82 (0.0) | 7 (0.1) | 23 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2939 (2.9) | 8772 (2.2) | 704 (0.2) | 1436 (0.2) | 978 (5.9) | 5814 (3.5) | 77 (0.4) | 884 (0.5) | 650 (12.1) | 2491 (4.7) | 45 (1.9) | 207 (0.9) |
| Stroke or TIA | 9824 (9.7) | 36301 (9.0) | 1402 (0.3) | 2777 (0.3) | 2617 (15.7) | 21003 (12.8) | 221 (1.3) | 1887 (1.1) | 1044 (19.4) | 8081 (15.3) | 69 (3.0) | 528 (2.3) |
| Renin-angiotensin-system agents | 50068 (49.4) | 209628 (51.8) | 29684 (7.2) | 108748 (13.2) | 7649 (45.9) | 85531 (52.1) | 2489 (14.4) | 31356 (18.2) | 2248 (41.9) | 26687 (50.6) | 453 (19.5) | 6083 (26.9) |
| Beta blockers | 28791 (28.4) | 111484 (27.6) | 22072 (5.4) | 76160 (9.3) | 5563 (33.4) | 48040 (29.2) | 1977 (11.4) | 21875 (12.7) | 1893 (35.2) | 15269 (29.0) | 403 (17.3) | 4014 (17.7) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 63269 (62.4) | 266317 (65.8) | 48488 (11.8) | 172135 (20.9) | 9662 (57.9) | 108146 (65.8) | 3881 (22.4) | 50086 (29.2) | 3062 (57.0) | 34428 (65.3) | 919 (39.5) | 9927 (43.9) |
| Diuretics | 14141 (13.9) | 39706 (9.8) | 6339 (1.5) | 16364 (2.0) | 4657 (27.9) | 23692 (14.4) | 1374 (7.9) | 7850 (4.6) | 2170 (40.4) | 9104 (17.3) | 471 (20.3) | 1923 (8.5) |
| Nitrates | 7672 (7.6) | 20517 (5.1) | 5920 (1.4) | 14443 (1.8) | 2321 (13.9) | 13169 (8.0) | 765 (4.4) | 7000 (4.1) | 931 (17.3) | 5183 (9.8) | 169 (7.3) | 1702 (7.5) |
| Lipid lowering agents | 61764 (60.9) | 264262 (65.3) | 47223 (11.5) | 159989 (19.4) | 9394 (56.3) | 109489 (66.6) | 3633 (21.0) | 52232 (30.4) | 2782 (51.8) | 34519 (65.5) | 648 (27.9) | 10158 (44.9) |
| Oral anticoagulants | 5022 (5.0) | 14163 (3.5) | 2450 (0.6) | 6529 (0.8) | 1665 (10.0) | 10208 (6.2) | 471 (2.7) | 3537 (2.1) | 635 (11.8) | 3993 (7.6) | 92 (4.0) | 859 (3.8) |
| Antiplatelets | 25832 (25.5) | 91146 (22.5) | 20304 (4.9) | 56932 (6.9) | 6684 (40.1) | 51199 (31.2) | 2936 (16.9) | 26754 (15.6) | 2606 (48.5) | 19220 (36.5) | 766 (32.9) | 6679 (29.5) |
| Immunosuppressants | 1071 (1.1) | 2812 (0.7) | 1728 (0.4) | 8641 (1.1) | 353 (2.1) | 973 (0.6) | 271 (1.6) | 1246 (0.7) | 377 (7.0) | 226 (0.4) | 129 (5.5) | 101 (0.4) |
| Insulin | 8035 (7.9) | 22114 (5.5) | 3570 (0.9) | 10883 (1.3) | 2416 (14.5) | 11523 (7.0) | 522 (3.0) | 3196 (1.9) | 1792 (33.4) | 3962 (7.5) | 358 (15.4) | 566 (2.5) |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | 45165 (44.5) | 196390 (48.5) | 17558 (4.3) | 52285 (6.4) | 5846 (35.1) | 76208 (46.4) | 1494 (8.6) | 18794 (10.9) | 1644 (30.6) | 22125 (42.0) | 278 (12.0) | 3157 (14.0) |
All parameters are expressed in either frequency (percentage) or mean (SD).
MM = multimorbidity.