. 2024 Mar 26;7(3):e243779. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3779

Table 1. Summary of Study Characteristics.

Study	Location	Target and main topic	Purpose and population	Design and setting	Sample size
Study	Location	Target and main topic	Purpose and population	Design and setting	No. of patients	No. of clinicians
Adarkwah et al,⁷² 2016	Germany	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To compare the new TTE illustration with the established emoticons looking at the degree of SDM in the consultation process and various secondary outcomes of decisional conflict and accessibility	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	304	32
Applegate et al,⁷³ 2021	US	Patients only; multiple CVD risk factors	To determine whether Project ACTIVE improved utilization of preventive care, estimated life expectancy compared with usual care, or both	RCT: practice, clinic, or office; hospital	132	NR
Bailey et al,⁷¹ 2016	US	Patients only; diabetes	To test the effectiveness of the intervention in clinical practice and assess whether an EHR-linked clinical decision support system slowed increases in modifiable cardiovascular risk among adults with serious mental illness	Pragmatic RCT: practice, clinic, or office	225	NR
Bailey et al,⁷⁰ 2018	US	Patients only; diabetes	To assess the effectiveness of different interventions on knowledge transfer and behavior modification to improve PROMs for T2D	Pragmatic RCT: practice, clinic, or office	225	NR
Boulware et al,⁶⁸ 2020	US	Patients only; hypertension	To assess whether an intervention to help patients prioritize goals for their visit would improve patient-clinician communication and clinical outcomes	Pragmatic, comparative effectiveness RCT: practice, clinic, or office; home	159	NR
Branda et al,⁶⁹ 2013	US	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To evaluate the effect of PDAs vs usual care on decision-making measures, metabolic control, and medication adherence among patients with T2D	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office; other (nonacademic and rural primary care practice)	103	41
Buhse et al,⁶⁶ 2015	Germany	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To investigate the cardiovascular risk factor profile among young men (aged 18-50 y) with hypertension in family practices and analyze the effectiveness of a computer-based decision aid promoting SDM in modifying cardiovascular risk factors	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	154	NR
Buhse et al,⁶⁷ 2018	Germany	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To determine whether communicating personalized statin therapy effects obtained by a prognostic algorithm leads to lower decisional conflict associated with statin use in patients with stable CVD compared with standard (nonpersonalized) therapy effects	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	279	NR
Cheng et al,⁶⁵ 2021	China	Patients only; diabetes	To compare the new TTE illustration with the established emoticons looking at the degree of SDM in the consultation process and various secondary outcomes such as decisional conflict and accessibility	RCT: practice, clinic, or office; hospital	242	NR
Cooper et al,⁶⁴ 2011	US	Patients and clinicians; hypertension	To compare the effectiveness of patient and physician interventions (separately and in combination with one another) with the effectiveness of minimal interventions, by evaluating the effect of the intervention on (1) patient and physician communication behaviors, (2) patient ratings of the interpersonal process of care, (3) patient adherence to medications, and (4) BP levels and control over 12 mo	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	279	41
Coronado-Vázquez et al,⁶² 2019	Spain	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors and medication	To determine the effectiveness of an SDM intervention for medication appropriateness in patients with chronic diseases and polypharmacy	Randomized, multicenter quasi-experimental study: practice, clinic, or office	122	22
Den Ouden et al,⁶³ 2017	Netherlands	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To evaluate in a cluster-randomized practical trial the effect of PDAs vs usual care on decision-making measures, metabolic control, and medication adherence in nonacademic and rural primary care practices and their patients with T2D	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	153	NR
Denig et al,⁶¹ 2014	Netherlands	Patients only; diabetes	To evaluate an informed SDM program for individuals with T2D under high-fidelity conditions	Pragmatic RCT: practice, clinic, or office	344	NR
Dwinger et al,⁶⁰ 2020	Germany	Patients only; multiple CVD risk factors	To determine the effectiveness of a PDA for patients with T2D receiving metformin who require treatment intensification	Prospective, pragmatic RCT: community	10 815	NR
Eaton et al,⁵⁹ 2011	US	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To determine whether an intervention based on patient activation and a physician decision support tool is more effective than usual care for improving adherence to National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	4105	55
Eckman et al,⁵⁸ 2012	US	Patients only; multiple CVD risk factors	To evaluate the effectiveness of an empowerment self-management intervention on psychological distress and quality of life among patients with poorly controlled T2D	RCT: ambulatory setting	170	NR
Edwards et al,⁵⁷ 2006	UK	Patients only; diabetes	To compare the effectiveness of patient and physician interventions (separately and in combination with one another) on (1) patient and physician communication behaviors, (2) patient ratings of the interpersonal process of care, (3) patient adherence to medications, and (4) BP levels and control over 12 mo	RCT: online	508	NR
Farmer et al,⁵⁶ 2005	UK	Patients only; diabetes	To determine whether real-time telemedicine support can improve glycemic control in T1D	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	93	NR
Grant et al,⁵⁵ 2008	US	Patients only; diabetes	To examine whether the use of diabetes-specific personal health records improves diabetes care management by increasing patient knowledge and engagement in their own care and by facilitating patient-physician communication	RCT: practice, clinic, or office; hospital; community	244	230
Greenfield et al,⁵⁴ 1988	US	Patients only; diabetes	To examine the effects of an intervention designed to increase the involvement of patients with diabetes in medical decision-making on blood glucose control and quality of life	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	59	NR
Heisler et al,⁵³ 2014	US	Patients only; diabetes	To evaluate the effectiveness of iDecide in improving key diabetes outcomes compared to delivery by CHWs of the same evidence-based information without tailoring using print consumer booklets developed by the AHRQ	RCT: practice, clinic, or office; home; or other agreed-upon place	188	NR
Hsu et al,⁵² 2016	US	Patients only; diabetes	To test the efficacy of a cloud-based diabetes management program in helping individuals starting basal insulin achieve better glycemic control	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	40	NR
Hu et al,⁵¹ 2021	China	Patients only; diabetes and medication	To evaluate a combined fasting blood glucose–based dosage self-titration and decision-supported telephone coaching intervention on glycemic control and diabetes self-management skills	RCT: practice, clinic, or office; via telephone calls	869	NR
Jaspers et al,⁵⁰ 2021	Netherlands	Patients only; CVD risk	To determine whether communicating personalized statin therapy effects obtained by a prognostic algorithm leads to lower decisional conflict associated with statin use in patients with stable CVD	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	303	NR
Jouni et al,⁴⁹ 2017	US	Patients only; multiple CVD risk factors	To assess the effect of disclosing CHD genetic risk on LDL-C levels	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	207	NR
Karagiannis et al,⁴⁸ 2016	Greece	Patients only; diabetes	To assess the efficacy of the Diabetes Medication Choice decision aid among patients with T2D in Greece in primary and secondary care practice	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	204	NR
Kask-Flight et al,⁴⁷ 2021	Estonia	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To analyze the effectiveness of a computer-based decision aid promoting SDM in changing cardiovascular risk factors among young men (aged 18-50 y) with hypertension in family practices	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	130	NR
Keyserling et al,⁴⁶ 2014	US	Patients only; smoking	To assess the effectiveness, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of a combined lifestyle and medication intervention to reduce CHD risk offered in counselor-delivered and web-based formats	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	385	NR
Koelewijn-van Loon et al,⁴⁴ 2009	Netherlands	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To investigate whether a nurse-led intervention in primary care had a positive effect on lifestyle and 10-y cardiovascular risk	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	615	24
Koelewijn-van Loon et al,⁴⁵ 2010	Netherlands	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To determine whether lifestyle and risk perception improved with an intervention to involve patients in cardiovascular risk management by the practice nurse	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	615	24
Krones et al,⁴³ 2008	Germany	Patients and clinicians; CVD risk	To determine the effect of promoting the effective communication of absolute CVD risk and SDM through dissemination of a simple decision aid for use in family practice consultations	Pragmatic, cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	1132	91
Kulzer et al,¹⁷ 2018	Germany	Patients and clinicians; diabetes and medication	To investigate whether taking care of patients with insulin-treated T2D using integrated personalized diabetes management improves glycemic control, PROs, and physician treatment satisfaction and intensifies therapy adjustments	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	907	NR
Kunneman et al,⁴² 2022	US	Patients and clinicians; diabetes and medication	To determine the effectiveness of an SDM tool vs guideline-informed usual care in translating evidence into primary care, and to explore how the tool changed patient perspectives about diabetes medication decision-making	Mixed methods cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	350	99
Lauffenburger et al,⁴¹ 2019	US	Patients only; diabetes and medication	To evaluate the effect of a telephone-based patient-centered intervention on glycated HbA_1c control for individuals with poorly controlled diabetes	Pragmatic RCT: insurance community	1400	NR
Lee et al,⁴⁰ 2016	South Korea	Patients only; smoking	To develop a culturally tailored decision aid for smoking cessation and evaluate its effect on the use of smoking cessation medication	Pragmatic cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	414	NR
Maindal et al,³⁹ 2014	Denmark	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To assess whether a 12-wk participant-driven health education program offered to individuals with screening-detected hyperglycemia in Danish primary care would lead to improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, health behavior, and PROs after 3 y	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	509	NR
Mathers et al,³⁸ 2012	UK	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To determine the effectiveness of a PDA on improving decision quality and glycemic control in individuals with diabetes making treatment decisions	Pragmatic cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	175	NR
Moin et al,³⁷ 2019	US	Patients only; diabetes and medication	To test the effectiveness of a prediabetes SDM intervention	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	1379	NR
Montgomery et al,¹⁶ 2003	UK	Patients only; hypertension and medication	To evaluate 2 interventions for assisting patients with newly diagnosed hypertension in the decision whether to start drug therapy for reducing BP	Factorial RCT: practice, clinic, or office; community	217	NR
Mullan et al,³⁶ 2009	US	Patients only; diabetes and medication	To determine the ability of a decision aid to promote patient involvement in choosing antihyperglycemic agents and to evaluate the effects of this strategy on medication adherence and patient outcomes	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	85	40
Naik et al,³⁵ 2011	US	Patients only; diabetes	To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of 2 diabetes group clinic interventions on glycated HbA_1c levels in primary care	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	87	NR
O’Malley et al,³⁴ 2022	US	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors and medication	To assess whether an intervention to help patients prioritize goals for their visit would improve patient-clinician communication and clinical outcomes	RCT: practice, clinic, or office	120	11
Peiris et al,³³ 2015	Australia	Patients and clinicians; CVD risk	To test whether a multifaceted quality improvement intervention comprising computerized decision support, audit/feedback tools, and staff training improved (1) guideline-indicated risk factor measurements and (2) guideline-indicated medications for those at high CVD risk	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	38 725	NR
Perestelo-Pérez et al,³² 2016	Spain	Patients and clinicians; CVD risk and medication	To test whether a multifaceted quality improvement intervention comprising computerized decision support, audit/feedback tools, and staff training improved (1) guideline-indicated risk factor measurements and (2) guideline-indicated medications for those at high CVD risk	Cluster RCT: practice, clinic, or office	168	29
Prabhakaran et al,⁷⁴ 2019	India	Patients and clinicians; multiple CVD risk factors	To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-facilitated, mHealth-based EDS for the integrated management of 5 chronic conditions in primary care settings in India as part of the mWellcare trial	Pragmatic RCT: community health centers	3324	NR
Ramallo-Fariña et al,³⁰ 2021	Spain	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To assess the effectiveness of different interventions of knowledge transfer and behavior modification to improve PROMs in patients with T2D	Open, community-based pragmatic, multicenter, controlled trial with random allocation by cluster: practice, clinic, or office	2334	211
Rost et al,³¹ 1991	US	Patients only; diabetes	To determine whether a short intervention that enhanced patient information seeking and decision-making during hospitalization improved metabolic control and functional status in patients with diabetes	RCT: clinical research center	61	NR
Smith et al,²⁹ 2008	US	Patients and clinicians; diabetes	To assess the effect of a specialist telemedicine intervention for improving diabetes care using the CCM	RCT: primary care clinic	639	97
Sperl-Hillen et al,²⁸ 2018	US	Patients and clinicians; cardiovascular risk	To evaluate whether a clinical decision support intervention can improve 10-y CVD risk trajectory in patients in primary care settings	RCT: primary care clinics	7914	102
Swoboda et al,²⁷ 2017	US	Patients; diabetes	To evaluate a telephone-based goal setting and decision support coaching intervention among adults with T2D and to evaluate the effect of these approaches for diet and physical activity behavior changes in relation to an attention control group	RCT: community setting	54	NR
Tinsel et al,²⁶ 2013	Germany	Clinicians; hypertension	To implement an evaluated SDM training program for GPs within the context of hypertension treatment, and to examine whether the SDM training enhanced patients’ perceived participation and lowered BP	Cluster RCT: general practices	1120	NR
Tinsel et al,²⁵ 2018	Germany	Patients; CVD risk	To investigate the applicability of the DECADE intervention and the potential effects of the intervention on patients with cardiovascular risk factors	RCT: primary care	78	NR
Tusa et al,²⁴ 2021	Finland	Patients; CVD risk	To examine the influence of a participatory patient care plan on health-related quality of life and disease-specific outcomes related to diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and hypertension	RCT: primary care	605	NR
Tutino et al,²² 2017	China	Patients; diabetes	To test whether the delivery of integrated care augmented by a web-based disease management program and nurse coordinator could improve treatment target attainment and health-related behavior	RCT: hospital	3586	NR
van Steenkiste et al,²³ 2007	Netherlands	Clinicians and patients; multiple CVD risk factors	To test whether a decision support tool can improve primary prevention of CVD in primary care	Cluster RCT: hospital	490	34
Warner et al,²¹ 2015	US	Clinicians and patients; smoking	To develop and pilot test a decision aid to increase patient involvement in decisions regarding smoking behavior of cigarette smokers scheduled for elective surgery	RCT: academic medical center	130	NR
Weymiller et al,²⁰ 2007	US	Clinicians and patients; diabetes	To examine a decision aid tool’s acceptability to patients and its effect on patient knowledge of the information about the potential merits and demerits of the options and decisional conflict	Cluster RCT: metabolic clinic	98	21
Wollny et al,¹⁹ 2019	Germany	Clinicians and patients; diabetes	To investigate whether an educational intervention facilitated by GPs increased patient-centeredness and perceived SDM in the treatment of patients with poorly controlled T2D	Cluster RCT: primary care	833	108
Yu et al,¹⁸ 2020	Canada	Clinicians and patients; diabetes	To assess the effect of MyDiabetesPlan on decisional conflict, diabetes distress, health-related quality of life, and patient assessment of chronic illness care at the individual patient level	Cluster RCT: primary care	213	53

Abbreviations: AHRQ, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; BP, blood pressure; CCM, chronic care model; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHW, community health worker; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DECADE, decision aid, action planning, and follow-up support for patients to reduce the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases; EDS, electronic decision support; EHR, electronic health record; GP, general practitioner; HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NR, not reported; PDA, patient decision aid; PRO, patient-reported outcome; PROM, patient-reported outcome measure; RCT, randomized clinical trial; SDM, shared decision-making; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TTE, time-to-event.