Table 2. All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Relation to Dietary Sodium Intake.
| Causes of death | No. of participants (No. of deaths) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) by dietary sodium intake, mg/da | 1000-mg/d increment | P for interactionb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2300 | 2300-3450 | 3451-4600 | 4601-6900 | >6900 | ||||
| All-cause | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (12 256) | 1 [Reference] | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | 1.10 (1.01-1.19) | 1.21 (1.07-1.36) | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | <.001 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (5555) | 1 [Reference] | 1.06 (0.97-1.15) | 0.98 (0.89-1.09) | 1.13 (1.00-1.27) | 1.09 (0.91-1.32) | 1.01 (0.98-1.04) | |
| Total CVD | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (4112) | 1 [Reference] | 1.00 (0.90-1.10) | 1.10 (0.98-1.23) | 1.11 (0.96-1.27) | 1.32 (1.07-1.63) | 1.07 (1.03-1.10) | .01 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (1589) | 1 [Reference] | 1.09 (0.94-1.27) | 1.03 (0.85-1.24) | 1.18 (0.94-1.48) | 1.48 (1.04-2.10) | 1.08 (1.02-1.14) | |
| CHD | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (1480) | 1 [Reference] | 0.96 (0.81-1.14) | 1.21 (1.00-1.46) | 1.21 (0.96-1.53) | 1.48 (1.05-2.09) | 1.08 (1.02-1.14) | .33 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (736) | 1 [Reference] | 1.05 (0.83-1.32) | 1.04 (0.79-1.37) | 1.16 (0.83-1.62) | 1.35 (0.80-2.28) | 1.13 (1.03-1.23) | |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (701) | 1 [Reference] | 0.95 (0.75-1.21) | 0.88 (0.66-1.16) | 0.99 (0.71-1.37) | 1.10 (0.67-1.80) | 1.11 (1.03-1.20) | .39 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (204) | 1 [Reference] | 1.12 (0.73-1.72) | 1.13 (0.66-1.92) | 1.64 (0.86-3.16) | 1.17 (0.39-3.54) | 1.02 (0.86-1.21) | |
| Heart failure | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (354) | 1 [Reference] | 1.15 (0.84-1.59) | 1.07 (0.72-1.59) | 1.06 (0.65-1.74) | 1.29 (0.60-2.79) | 1.11 (0.98-1.26) | .03 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (116) | 1 [Reference] | 1.00 (0.56-1.77) | 1.24 (0.60-2.54) | 2.50 (1.05-5.93) | 10.99 (3.04-39.76) | 1.55 (1.20-2.01) | |
| Cancer | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (2878) | 1 [Reference] | 0.92 (0.82-1.04) | 1.02 (0.89-1.16) | 1.04 (0.89-1.22) | 1.05 (0.82-1.33) | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | .18 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (1154) | 1 [Reference] | 1.16 (0.97-1.39) | 1.19 (0.96-1.49) | 1.39 (1.06-1.81) | 1.30 (0.85-1.98) | 0.99 (0.93-1.06) | |
| Other diseases | ||||||||
| Black Americans | 46 185 (4444) | 1 [Reference] | 1.13 (1.03-1.25) | 1.12 (1.00-1.25) | 1.17 (1.03-1.34) | 1.27 (1.04-1.56) | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | .32 |
| White Americans | 18 144 (2263) | 1 [Reference] | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | 0.96 (0.82-1.12) | 1.02 (0.85-1.24) | 0.81 (0.60-1.10) | 0.97 (0.92-1.01) | |
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
a
Adjusted for age, sex, education, income, marital status, medical insurance, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total energy intake, and healthy eating index.
b
Tested by the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the multiplicative interaction term of sodium intake (continuous) × race.