Table 1. Oligonucleotide primers coding E. coli and antibiotic-resistance genes.

Gene	Primer sequence	PCR programme	Target size	Reference
16S rRNA	GGG AGT AAA GTT AAT ACC TTT GCT C TTC CCG AAG GA CAT TCT	1	584 bp	Radji et al. (2010)
TEM	AGT GCT GCC ATA ACC ATG AGT G CTG ACT CCC CGT CGT GTA GAT A	2	431 bp	Kim et al. (2009)
OXA	ATT ATC TAC AGC AGC GCC AGT G TGC ATC CAC GTC TTT GGT G	2	296 bp
SHV	GAT GAA CGC TTT CCC ATG ATG CGC TGT TAT CGC TCA TGG TAA (integrated DNA technologies); CTX-M IV forward primer	2	214 bp
CTX-M IV	GAC AAA GAG AGT GCA ACG GAT G TCA GTG CGA TCC AGA CGA AA	2	501 bp

Programme 1 = pre-denaturation: 95 °C for 5 min, denaturation: 94 °C for 20 s (35 cycles), annealing: 56 °C for 20 s, elongation: 72 °C for 30 s, final elongation: 72 °C for 10 min; Programme 2 = pre-denaturation: 94 °C for 5 min, denaturation: 94 °C for 1 min (30 cycles), annealing: 61 °C for 1 min, elongation: 72 °C for 1 min, final elongation: 72 °C for 5 minutes