Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in the Look AHEAD study, stratified by race/ethnicity and educational attainment.
| Stratification by race/ethnicity |
Stratification by educational attainment |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Total (n = 4,640) | White (n = 3,177) | Black (n = 793) | Hisp (n = 670) | p value | Less than HS Degree (n = 297) | HS Degree (n = 621) | Some College (n = 1,734) | College Degree or Higher (n = 1,988) | p value |
|
| ||||||||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 59 (55, 64) | 59 (55, 64) | 57 (54, 63) | 57 (54, 61) | <0.001 | 59 (55, 62) | 60 (55, 64) | 58 (54, 63) | 59 (55, 64) | 0.001 |
| Sex: Male, n (%) | 1940 (41.8 %) | 1558 (49.0 %) | 189 (23.8 %) | 193 (28.8 %) | <0.001 | 66 (22.2 %) | 173 (27.9 %) | 648 (37.4 %) | 1053 (53 %) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||||
| White | 3177 (68.5 %) | 3177 (100 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | <0.001 | 44 (14.8 %) | 406 (65.4 %) | 1146 (66.1 %) | 1581 (79.5 %) | <0.001 |
| Black | 793 (17.1 %) | 0 (0 %) | 793 (100 %) | 0 (0 %) | <0.001 | 36 (12.1 %) | 106 (17.1 %) | 364 (21.0 %) | 287 (14.4 %) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 670 (14.4 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 670 (100 %) | <0.001 | 217 (73.1 %) | 109 (17.6 %) | 224 (12.9 %) | 120 (6 %) | <0.001 |
| Educational Attainment, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Less than HS degree | 297 (6.4 %) | 44 (1.4 %) | 36 (4.5 %) | 217 (32.4 %) | <0.001 | 297 (100 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | <0.001 |
| HS Degree | 621 (13.4 %) | 406 (12.8 %) | 106 (13.4 %) | 109 (16.3 %) | <0.001 | 0 (0 %) | 621 (100 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | <0.001 |
| Some College | 1734 (37.4 %) | 1146 (36.1 %) | 364 (45.9 %) | 224 (33.4 %) | <0.001 | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1734 (100 %) | 0 (0 %) | <0.001 |
| College Degree or Higher | 1988 (42.8 %) | 1581 (49.8 %) | 287 (36.2 %) | 120 (17.9 %) | <0.001 | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1988 (100 %) | <0.001 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years), median (IQR) | 53 (47, 58) | 53 (48, 58) | 52 (46, 57) | 51 (45, 56) | <0.001 | 52 (46.5, 56) | 53.5 (47, 58) | 52 (46, 58) | 53 (47, 58) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes duration (years), median (IQR) | 5 (2, 10) | 5 (2, 10) | 5 (2, 10) | 5 (2, 10) | 0.785 | 6 (2, 11) | 5 (2, 10) | 5 (2, 10) | 5 (2, 9) | 0.010 |
| HbAlc (%; mmol/mol), median (IQR) | 7.1 (6.4, 7.9); 54 (46, 63) |
7.0 (6.4, 7.7); 53 (46, 61) |
7.2 (6.5, 8.1); 55 (48, 65) |
7.3 (6.6, 8.3); 56 (49, 67) |
<0.001 | 7.4 (6.7, 8.4); 57 (50, 68) |
7.2 (6.4, 8.0); 55 (46, 64) |
7.0 (6.5, 7.8); 53 (48, 62) |
7.0 (6.4, 7.8); 53 (46, 62) |
<0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 35.0 (31.6, 39.5) | 35.1 (31.6, 39.6) | 35.7 (31.9, 40.1) | 34.1 (31.2, 38.1) | <0.001 | 34.0 (31.0, 37.4) | 35.8 (32.1, 39.6) | 35.5 (32.0, 40.2) | 34.5 (31.1, 39.3) | <0.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), n (%) | 3970 (85.6 %) | 2720 (85.6 %) | 692 (87.3 %) | 558 (83.3 %) | 0.096 | 249 (83.8 %) | 541 (87.1 %) | 1514 (87.3 %) | 1666 (83.8 %) | 0.010 |
| Morbidly Obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2), n (%) | 1049 (22.6 %) | 729 (22.9 %) | 202 (25.5 %) | 118 (17.6 %) | 0.001 | 45 (15.2 %) | 145 (23.3 %) | 444 (25.6 %) | 415 (20.9 %) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes Medication Use, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Any insulin | 710 (15.3 %) | 442 (13.9 %) | 149 (18.8 %) | 119 (17.8 %) | <0.001 | 64 (21.5 %) | 98 (15.8 %) | 267 (15.4 %) | 281 (14.1 %) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 2815 (60.7 %) | 1950 (61.4 %) | 465 (58.6 %) | 400 (59.7 %) | 0.024 | 173 (58.2 %) | 365 (58.8 %) | 1060 (61.1 %) | 1217 (61.2 %) | 0.024 |
| Sulfonylurea | 2109 (45.5 %) | 1401 (44.1 %) | 364 (45.9 %) | 344 (51.3 %) | <0.001 | 164 (55.2 %) | 303 (48.8 %) | 785 (45.3 %) | 857 (43.1 %) | <0.001 |
| TZD | 1226 (26.4 %) | 896 (28.2 %) | 211 (26.6 %) | 119 (17.8 %) | <0.001 | 43 (14.5 %) | 151 (24.3 %) | 488 (28.1 %) | 544 (27.4 %) | <0.001 |
| Any diabetes medication | 4061 (87.5 %) | 2735 (86.1 %) | 716 (90.3 %) | 610 (91.0 %) | <0.001 | 267 (89.9 %) | 559 (90.0 %) | 1528 (88.1 %) | 1707 (85.9 %) | 0.014 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||
| Medication Use, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Any BP medication | 3426 (73.8 %) | 2332 (73.4 %) | 645 (81.3 %) | 449 (67.0 %) | <0.001 | 215 (72.4 %) | 457 (73.6 %) | 1308 (75.4 %) | 1446 (72.7 %) | 0.624 |
| Aspirin | 2079 (44.8 %) | 1571 (49.4 %) | 294 (37.1 %) | 214 (31.9 %) | <0.001 | 105 (35.4 %) | 233 (37.5 %) | 758 (43.7 %) | 983 (49.4 %) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 2088 (45.0 %) | 1573 (49.5 %) | 286 (36.1 %) | 229 (34.2 %) | <0.001 | 100 (33.7 %) | 234 (37.7 %) | 805 (46.4 %) | 949 (47.7 %) | <0.001 |
| History of Cardiovascular Disease, n (%) | 637 (13.7 %) | 498 (15.7 %) | 76 (9.6 %) | 63 (9.4 %) | <0.001 | 31 (10.4 %) | 87 (14.0 %) | 252 (14.5 %) | 267 (13.4 %) | 0.278 |
HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; BMI = body mass index; TZD = thiazolidinedione; BP = blood pressure; CVD = cardiovascular disease.