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. 2024 Mar 14;64(6):1794–1805. doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00247

Table 1. Recent Fragment-Based Ligand Design Packages.

Method Ligand Construction Synthetic Accessibility Validation (method; target)
LigBuilder V3(20) Growing/Linking/Genetic Algorithm Retrosynthesis analysis (Prototype) in vitro; COX2/LTA4H
(Full protocol) in silico MM/GBSA method; HIV-1 protease/reverse transcriptase
NAOMInext(21) Growing Reaction-rule based In silico docking/alignment; aurora A kinase, carbonic anhydrase II, acetylcholine-binding protein, protease factor VIIa
PINGUI(22) Merging Reaction-rule based In vitro/In silico docking; β2AR
de novoDOCK(23) Growing Torsion environment from synthesizable database In silico docking; HIVgp41
AutoT&T 2(24) Merging Real molecule reference library In silico; angiotesin converting enzyme, VEGFR2, β-lactamase
OpenGrowth(25) Growing Fragment connection probability based on drug library In silico MD; HIV-1 protease
In vitro/In vivo; PDE3A-SLFN12 complex26
Frag4Lead(27) Growing Commercially available fragment database In vitro/In silico docking; aspartyl protease endothiapepsin
LeadOp+R(28) Growing Reaction-rule based In silico MD; Tie-2 kinase, human 5-lipoxygenase
AutoCouple(29) Growing Reaction-rule based In vitro/In silico MD; CBP bromodomain