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. 2024 Mar 27;22:193. doi: 10.1186/s12964-024-01560-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — High-glucose concentrations modified macrophage lipid distribution. A Oil-red oil and DAPI staining of untreated macrophages (UNT) and MG15 and MG30 macrophages (scale bar=10mm). B Quantification of fluorescence intensity normalized to the number of nuclei. Three 3 images were taken per replicate and each dot in the graph is the mean these 3 image counts. C Number of lipid droplets per cells (n = 4), determined according to [32]. D Quantification of DGAT activity by using radio-labelled substrated. E Distribution of neutral lipids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids in untreated macrophages (UNT), and in MG15 and MG30 macrophages. Data are expressed as % of total lipids. Significantly different lipid distributions were identified with chi-squared tests. CHOL-E: cholesterol ester; TAG: triacylglycerol; FFA: free fatty acid; CHOL: cholesterol; DAG: diacylglycerol; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PA: phosphatidic acid; PI: phosphatidylinositol; PS: phosphatidylserine; CER: ceramide; SS: sphingosine; SM: sphingomyelin; DGAT: diacylglycerol acyltransferase