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. 2024 Mar 27;22:193. doi: 10.1186/s12964-024-01560-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — EVs from HG-treated macrophages affect macrophage polarization and lipid composition. A Quantification of CD86 and CD163 by WB. mRNA levels of interleukin 10 (Il-10) (B), interleukin 1β (Il-1β) interleukin 6 (Il-6), interferon α (INFα) (C), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (D), and subunit p-50-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (p50-NFkB) (E), in macrophages treated with lEVs and sEV released from MG15 and MG30 macrophages. Data are normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA level and expressed as control. Values are means ± SD (n = 3); p values are from student t-test (EV treated vs untreated), (*) p < 0.05, (**) p< 0.01, (***) p< 0.001. (F) % of neutral lipids, (G) phospholipids and (H) sphingolipids in EV-treated macrophages. Significant distributions were identified by a chi-squared test. CER: ceramide; SS: sphingosine; SM: sphingomyelin; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PA: phosphatidic acid; PI: phosphatidylinositol; PS: phosphatidylserine; TAG: triacylglycerol; FFA: free fatty acid; CHOL: cholesterol