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. 2024 Mar 27;19:56. doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-00884-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Illustration of possible intervention mechanisms of medicinal plants and natural products on OAB in the urinary bladder. a Promotion of the NO synthesis and release. b Reduction of the ATP synthesis and release. c Inhibition of the expression of the M receptors. d Up-regulation of the expression of the adrenergic receptors. e Down-regulation of the expression of P2X receptors. f Inhibition of transmembrane Ca²⁺ influx and stimulation of Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores. g Activation of K⁺ channels. h Inhibition of TRP channels. i Improvement in the barrier function of urothelium. j Regulation of excess blood flow. k Increase in intracellular cAMP in the bladder smooth muscles. l Inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators, such as Substance P, CGRP etc.