Table 2.
OR (95% CI) in frailty associated with log-urinary heavy metals levels according to multivariate logistic regression
| Urine Metals (log-µg/g creatinine) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Cadmium | ||||||
| Continuous | 2.13 (1.79, 2.55) | < 0.01 | 1.55 (1.29, 1.87) | < 0.01 | 1.90 (1.51, 2.40) | < 0.01 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.28 (1.07, 1.52) | 0.01 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.39) | 0.13 | 1.23 (1.01, 1.51) | 0.04 |
| Q3 | 1.40 (1.18, 1.67) | < 0.01 | 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) | 0.11 | 1.25 (1.01, 1.54) | 0.04 |
| Q4 | 1.97 (1.66, 2.34) | < 0.01 | 1.47 (1.23, 1.76) | < 0.01 | 1.71 (1.37, 2.14) | < 0.01 |
| P for trend | 2.54 (2.02, 3.19) | < 0.01 | 1.69 (1.33, 2.16) | < 0.01 | 2.06 (1.53, 2.78) | < 0.01 |
| Cobalt | ||||||
| Continuous | 1.49 (1.29, 1.71) | < 0.01 | 1.39 (1.20, 1.61) | < 0.01 | 1.64 (1.40, 1.93) | < 0.01 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.17 | 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.91 |
| Q3 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.69 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.52 | 1.22 (1.00, 1.49) | 0.05 |
| Q4 | 1.42 (1.21, 1.68) | < 0.01 | 1.25 (1.05, 1.49) | 0.01 | 1.77 (1.45, 2.15) | < 0.01 |
| P for trend | 2.12 (1.60, 2.81) | < 0.01 | 1.73 (1.28, 2.34) | < 0.01 | 3.02 (2.16, 4.22) | < 0.01 |
| Cesium | ||||||
| Continuous | 0.73 (0.66, 0.81) | < 0.01 | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) | < 0.01 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.20 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.01 | 0.84 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.04 | 1.03 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.72 |
| Q3 | 0.68 (0.58, 0.80) | < 0.01 | 0.69 (0.58, 0.82) | < 0.01 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.25 |
| Q4 | 0.63 (0.53, 0.74) | < 0.01 | 0.62 (0.51, 0.74) | < 0.01 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.28 |
| P for trend | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | < 0.01 | 0.68 (0.60, 0.78) | < 0.01 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.16 |
| Molybdenum | ||||||
| Continuous | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 0.71 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.29 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.31 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.97 | 0.91 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.32 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.72 |
| Q3 | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.60 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.52 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) | 0.79 |
| Q4 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.14 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.89 | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) | 0.10 |
| P for trend | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 0.11 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.99 | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) | 0.08 |
| Antimony | ||||||
| Continuous | 1.22 (0.71, 2.09) | 0.48 | 0.89 (0.50, 1.59) | 0.70 | 1.13 (0.60, 2.12) | 0.70 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) | 0.23 | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 0.74 | 1.06 (0.88, 1.29) | 0.53 |
| Q3 | 1.27 (1.07, 1.50) | 0.01 | 1.17 (0.98, 1.40) | 0.08 | 1.26 (1.04, 1.53) | 0.02 |
| Q4 | 1.39 (1.18, 1.65) | < 0.01 | 1.22 (1.03, 1.46) | 0.03 | 1.39 (1.15, 1.69) | < 0.01 |
| P for trend | 9.79 (3.14, 30.56) | < 0.01 | 4.38 (1.33, 14.46) | 0.02 | 10.95 (2.96, 40.44) | < 0.01 |
| Thallium | ||||||
| Continuous | 0.20 (0.12, 0.33) | < 0.01 | 0.24 (0.14, 0.40) | < 0.01 | 0.58 (0.34, 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 0.61 (0.51, 0.71) | < 0.01 | 0.61 (0.52, 0.73) | < 0.01 | 0.70 (0.59, 0.85) | < 0.01 |
| Q3 | 0.54 (0.46, 0.64) | < 0.01 | 0.56 (0.47, 0.67) | < 0.01 | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | < 0.01 |
| Q4 | 0.50 (0.42, 0.59) | < 0.01 | 0.53 (0.44, 0.63) | < 0.01 | 0.72 (0.59, 0.88) | < 0.01 |
| P for trend | 0.08 (0.04, 0.15) | < 0.01 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.20) | < 0.01 | 0.33 (0.15, 0.73) | 0.01 |
| Tungsten | ||||||
| Continuous | 1.75 (1.23, 2.49) | < 0.01 | 1.74 (1.20, 2.52) | < 0.01 | 1.96 (1.32, 2.92) | < 0.01 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.17 (0.98, 1.40) | 0.08 | 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) | 0.11 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.39) | 0.19 |
| Q3 | 1.55 (1.31, 1.85) | < 0.01 | 1.49 (1.25, 1.78) | < 0.01 | 1.44 (1.19, 1.75) | < 0.01 |
| Q4 | 1.60 (1.35, 1.90) | < 0.01 | 1.57 (1.31, 1.87) | < 0.01 | 1.57 (1.29, 1.90) | < 0.01 |
| P for trend | 9.00 (4.12, 19.65) | < 0.01 | 8.10 (3.59, 18.29) | < 0.01 | 8.45 (3.46, 20.65) | < 0.01 |
| Uranium | ||||||
| Continuous | 11.27 (2.39, 53.27) | < 0.01 | 9.09 (2.03, 40.63) | 0.00 | 7.84 (1.63, 37.59) | 0.01 |
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Q2 | 1.26 (1.06, 1.51) | 0.01 | 1.20 (1.00, 1.43) | 0.05 | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 0.26 |
| Q3 | 1.41 (1.18, 1.67) | < 0.01 | 1.20 (1.01, 1.44) | 0.04 | 1.13 (0.93, 1.38) | 0.22 |
| Q4 | 1.57 (1.32, 1.86) | < 0.01 | 1.34 (1.12, 1.60) | < 0.01 | 1.34 (1.10, 1.63) | < 0.01 |
| P for trend | 3273357.52 (6473.41, inf.) | < 0.01 | 8803.56 (12.25, 6326095.72) | 0.01 | 43188.09 (32.09, inf.) | < 0.01 |
Model 1: crude model;
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race, family income-poverty ratio, and education;
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, race, family income-poverty ratio, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, serum cotinine concentration, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, physical activity and eGFR.
Abbreviation: Q: quartile