Table 3.

HR (95% CI) in frailty associated with log-urinary heavy metals levels according to cox regression

Urine Metals (log-µg/g creatinine)	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
Cadmium
Continuous	1.77 (1.44, 2.19)	< 0.01	1.95 (1.57, 2.43)	< 0.01	1.96 (1.53, 2.52)	< 0.01
Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2	1.38 (1.06, 1.79)	0.02	1.32 (1.02, 1.72)	0.04	1.36 (1.04, 1.77)	0.03
Q3	1.43 (1.11, 1.84)	0.01	1.44 (1.11, 1.86)	0.01	1.48 (1.13, 1.94)	< 0.01
Q4	1.97 (1.54, 2.52)	< 0.01	1.95 (1.52, 2.51)	< 0.01	1.93 (1.45, 2.56)	< 0.01
P for trend	2.19 (1.65, 2.90)	< 0.01	2.21 (1.66, 2.95)	< 0.01	2.12 (1.53, 2.94)	< 0.01
Cobalt
Continuous	1.33 (1.16, 1.52)	< 0.01	1.24 (1.08, 1.42)	< 0.01	1.30 (1.13, 1.49)	< 0.01
Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2	1.09 (0.86, 1.38)	0.48	1.13 (0.89, 1.43)	0.32	1.29 (1.01, 1.65)	0.04
Q3	1.09 (0.86, 1.39)	0.48	1.14 (0.90, 1.46)	0.28	1.30 (1.02, 1.67)	0.04
Q4	1.40 (1.11, 1.76)	< 0.01	1.33 (1.06, 1.68)	0.02	1.57 (1.23, 2.01)	< 0.01
P for trend	1.65 (1.18, 2.30)	< 0.01	1.50 (1.07, 2.09)	0.02	1.81 (1.29, 2.56)	< 0.01
Tungsten
Continuous	1.25 (0.72, 2.16)	0.43	1.28 (0.75, 2.19)	0.36	1.23 (0.71, 2.13)	0.45
Q1	Reference		Reference		Reference
Q2	1.29 (1.01, 1.65)	0.04	1.25 (0.98, 1.60)	0.08	1.20 (0.94, 1.54)	0.15
Q3	1.22 (0.96, 1.57)	0.11	1.22 (0.95, 1.56)	0.12	1.25 (0.97, 1.61)	0.08
Q4	1.31 (1.03, 1.67)	0.03	1.34 (1.05, 1.72)	0.02	1.30 (1.01, 1.66)	0.04
P for trend	2.18 (0.84, 5.62)	0.11	2.60 (0.99, 6.80)	0.05	2.29 (0.87, 6.05)	0.09

Model 1: crude model

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race, family income-poverty ratio, and education

Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, race, family income-poverty ratio, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, serum cotinine concentration, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, physical activity and eGFR

Abbreviation: Q: quartile