Table 3.
Descriptive data for study variables and ANCOVA analyses
| Country of residence | Total | ANCOVA analyses |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Israel | Italy | Netherlands | Poland | Sweden | UK | N | M(SD) | Country, F | p value | |
| Extrinsic Motivations to Care | 28.33 (4.26) | 26.66 (5.23) | 27.99 (4.97) | 26.60 (5.31) | 27.53 (4.93) | 28.74 (4.67) | 28.06 (4.68) | 879 | 27.47 (5.04) | 2.97 | p =.088 |
| Intrinsic Motivations to Care | 25.41 (3.88) | 24.50 (3.92) | 24.97 (4.21) | 25.06 (4.70) | 23.62 (5.15) | 23.85 (3.89) | 25.54 (3.59) | 879 | 24.78 (4.28) | 3.84 | p <.007** |
| Willingness - nursing care | 4.32 (0.85) | 3.80 (1.02) | 4.44 (0.71) | 4.23 (0.96) | 3.93 (0.84) | 3.39 (0.83) | 4.35 (0.74) | 879 | 4.13 (0.92) | 15.22 | p <.001*** |
| Willingness - emotional care | 4.29 (0.79) | 4.42 (0.61) | 4.38 (0.63) | 4.55 (0.68) | 4.04 (0.77) | 4.29 (0.77) | 4.57 (0.59) | 879 | 4.40 (0.69) | 6.63 | p <.001*** |
| Willingness - instrumental care | 4.50 (0.62) | 4.34 (0.69) | 4.54 (0.58) | 4.36 (0.77) | 4.23 (0.71) | 3.74 (0.65) | 4.60 (0.52) | 879 | 4.38 (0.70) | 20.52 | p <.001*** |
| Willingness - global score | 4.35 (0.67) | 4.19 (0.67) | 4.44 (0.52) | 4.39 (0.71) | 4.09 (0.65) | 3.80 (0.61) | 4.50 (0.48) | 879 | 4.29 (0.67) | 15.04 | p <.001*** |
| Familial interconnectedness (RFS) | 27.60 (6.42) | 32.57 (6.29) | 29.27 (6.92) | 27.82 (6.16) | 29.33 (5.87) | 25.21 (6.72) | 29.17 (5.21) | 879 | 28.77 (6.58) | 9.85 | p <.001*** |
| Extended family support (RFS) | 7.08 (3.02) | 8.14 (2.54) | 6.71 (3.01) | 5.92 (2.77) | 7.73 (2.95) | 4.82 (3.15) | 7.15 (2.44) | 879 | 6.77 (2.96) | 10.65 | p <.001*** |
| Familial obligations (RFS) | 7.63 (2.98) | 8.23 (3.02) | 7.63 (3.19) | 6.31 (2.71) | 7.37 (3.39) | 5.64 2.87) | 7.30 (2.70) | 879 | 7.23 (3.08) | 7.75 | p <.001*** |
| Familism (RFS total score) | 42.47 (11.11) | 48.80 (10.21) | 43.51 (11.32) | 39.58 (10.10) | 44.78 (10.35) | 35.70 (11.22) | 43.92 (8.52) | 879 | 42.74 (10.95) | 11.52 | p <.001*** |
| Self-transcendence (PVQ-21) | 1.98 (0.64) | 2.2 (0.78) | 2.11 (0.73) | 2.24 (0.60) | 2.12 (0.63) | 2.31 (0.72) | 2.20 (0.79) | 879 | 2.18 (0.72) | 2.72 | p =.390 |
| Self-enhancement (PVQ-21) | 4.05 (1.12) | 3.42 (1.00) | 3.65 (1.04) | 4.11 (0.98) | 4.24 (0.85) | 4.43 (0.86) | 4.32 (0.89) | 879 | 4.00 (1.03) | 8.79 | p =.001*** |
| Presence of meaning (MLQ) | 24.75 (5.16) | 26.30 (5.59) | 23.50 (6.68) | 24.12 (5.20) | 23.65 (7.00) | 23.64 (6.71) | 22.77 (6.64) | 879 | 23.94 (6.24) | 2.87 | p =.004** |
| Search for meaning (MLQ) | 23.28 (5.86) | 22.36 (7.58) | 19.55 (7.56) | 20.11 (6.17) | 25.44 (5.80) | 18.15 (7.44) | 17.64 (6.84) | 879 | 20.28 (7.32) | 9.30 | p =.001*** |
| Illness threat (IPQ score) | 52.62 (8.55) | 52.87 (8.33) | 56.17 (9.48) | 56.73 (7.80) | 57.79 (9.82) | 57.81 (8.17) | 59.07 (8.75) | 879 | 56.30 (8.90) | 5.58 | p <.001*** |
| Wellbeing (WHO-5 score) | 44.80 (23.80) | 60.73 (21.93) | 40.36 (22.71) | 52.35 (23.56) | 30.72 (22.19) | 43.86 (23.86) | 42.82 (23.40) | 879 | 46.01 (24.33) | 8.58 | p <.001*** |
| Caregiver gains (GAINS score) | 10.63 (6.66) | 10.32 (6.60) | 10.81 (6.37) | 14.43 (6.25) | 11.60 (6.13) | 15.32 (6.21) | 16.51 (6.57) | 879 | 13.06 (6.77) | 15.01 | p <.001*** |
| Health quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L utility index) | 0.81 (0.16) | 0.89 (0.11) | 0.71 (0.25) | 0.78 (0.19) | 0.84 (0.16) | 0.83 (0.12) | 0.80 (0.16) | 879 | 0.79 (0.19) | 6.07 | p <.001*** |
| Burden (ZBI score) | 22.25 (9.53) | 16.68 (8.52) | 20.77 (8.88) | 18.43 (8.97) | 22.86 (9.12) | 23.90 (9.52) | 22.51 (9.17) | 879 | 20.66 (9.33) | 7.04 | p <.001*** |
| Depression (CES-D score) | 12.13 (6.35) | 8.81 (5.63) | 12.77 (6.62) | 9.78 (5.62) | 13.91 (7.51) | 12.52 (6.17) | 12.61 (6.76) | 879 | 11.64 (6.49) | 5.07 | p <.001*** |
ANCOVA tests controlled for the effects of age, employment, experience providing care, having support from other caregivers, caregiver educational levels, caregiver-care recipient relationship type, caring period, intensity of care, KATZ Index, care recipient’s age and gender, and the number of care recipient’s health conditions
**p <.01; ***p <.001