Table 2.
Analysis summary of included studies for CPE/CPD features
| Characteristics of included articles | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | 24 (100) |
| 2012–2016 | 8 (33.3) |
| 2017–2023 | 16 (66.7) |
| *COVID-19 pandemic years (2020–2023). | 9 (37.5) |
| **Country classifications by income groups | 26 (100) |
| Low income | 2 (7.7) |
| Lower-middle income | 7 (26.9) |
| Upper-middle income | 3 (11.5) |
| High income | 14 (53.8) |
| Research Method | 24 (100) |
| Quantitative | 20 (83.4) |
| Qualitative | 2 (8.3) |
| Mixed methods | 2 (8.3) |
| **Country statutory requirements | 26 (100) |
| Mandatory | 22 (84.6) |
| Non-mandatory/Voluntary | 4 (15.4) |
| Continuing education model used | 24 (100) |
| Continuing professional education (CPE) | 3 (12.5) |
| Continuing professional development (CPD) | 21 (87.5) |
| Lifelong learning format /CPD Modality | 24 (100) |
| E-learning only | 4 (16.7) |
| Face-to-face only | 13 (54.2) |
| Blended (Both e-learning and face-to-face) | 7 (29.1) |
*Covid-19 pandemic period included. **Note: Some articles involve multiple countries in the study