Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author (year) | Country | Income category | Setting | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chadha 2014 [31] | India | LMI | Not reported | Medical officers |
| Evenblij 2016 [32] | Netherlands | HI | Public HIV treatment centres | Physicians |
| Farhoudi 2017 [9] | Iran | LMI | Public prison facility outside the city | Prison healthcare officers, physicians, infectious disease specialists, experts on jail diseases and prison governors |
| Jia 2016 [33] | China | UMI | Rural and urban outpatient and inpatient settings | CDC TB heads, insurance managers, healthcare managers and healthcare workers |
| Joseph 2004 [8] | USA | HI | Rural and urban health departments and hospitals | Clinical, janitorial, administrative and clerical staff |
| Kerrigan 2018 [34] | South Africa | UMI | General primary healthcare clinics | Patients and healthcare workers |
| Mala 2014 [35] | Ethiopia | LI | Public out and inpatient settings | TB service providers |
| McDowell 2018 [36] | India | LMI | Urban public and private health settings | Physicians |
| Rendell 2017 [37] | Mongolia | LMI | Public out and inpatient settings | Healthcare workers and administrative staff |
| Siddiqi 2008 [29] | Cuba, Peru, Bolivia | UMI and LMI | Peri-urban primary care settings | Healthcare workers |
| Spruijt 2019 [38] | Netherlands | HI | Public health service settings | TB service providers |
| Wei 2010 [39] | China | UMI | Public out and inpatient settings | TB suspects, Hospital managers and healthcare workers |
| Nagar 2020 [40] | India | LMI | Public and private out and inpatient settings | Orthopaedic surgeons/physicians |
| Mulder 2012 [7] | Netherlands | HI | Public outpatient health facilities | Public health nurses |
| Biermann 2020 [30] | Global | UMI, LMI and LI | Not reported | Stakeholders involved in ACF policy development and implementation |
| Biermann 2020 [5] | 30 high TB-burden countries | LMI, UMI and LI | Not reported | National TB Programme (NTP) managers |
| Singh 2021 [41] | India | LMI | Not reported | TB service providers |
| Nalugwa 2020 [42] | Uganda | LI | Public out and inpatient settings | Front-line Study staff, field notes from study staff |
| Oliwa 2020 [43] | Kenya | LMI | Out and inpatients | TB service providers |
| Naidoo 2015 [6] | South Africa | UMI | Public outpatient health facilities | Patients |
| Mwaura 2021[44] | Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa | LMI, LI and UMI | Private and public facilities | TB service providers, programme officers, and patient advocates |
| Kuznetsov 2016 [45] | Russia | UMI | Public outpatient health facilities | Directors and managers of facilities and TB service providers |
| Kanakaraju 2020 [46] | India | LMI | Public out and inpatient settings | TB service providers |
| Gray 2022 [47] | United Kingdom | HI | Public inpatient and outpatient (hospital-based) |
Non-public health clinicians: consultants in respiratory medicine and infectious disease Public Health clinicians TB clinical nurse Specialist |
| Szkwarko 2022 [48] | USA | HI |
Public and Private facilities Outpatient settings |
Primary Care Providers: Physicians, physician’s assistants, and nurse practitioners. |
LI Low income, LMI Lower middle income, UMI Upper middle income, HI High income, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ACF Active case finding