| FF |
15%-Cu/NC900
|
1.0 M KOH (pH = 13.6) |
30 |
−0.25 |
99 |
FFA, 100 |
95 |
152
|
| FF |
Cu |
0.1 M Na2CO3–NaHCO3
|
100 |
−0.57 |
71 |
FFA, 87 |
— |
148
|
| FF |
Cu1/PC |
Acetate buffer (pH = 5) |
40 |
−0.75 |
— |
FFA, — |
90 |
143
|
| FF |
Ag60Pd40
|
0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) |
100 |
−0.5 |
18 |
FFA, — |
96 |
158
|
| FAL (FF) |
MoS2-DMA |
0.05 M Na2B4O7 solution (pH 9.18) |
35 |
−0.25 |
— |
FFA, >95 |
86.3 |
159
|
| FF |
Cu3P/CFC |
1 M KOH (pH = 14) |
50 |
1.4 (cell voltage) |
99 |
FA, 100 |
>95 |
160
|
| FF |
NP-Cu |
0.2 M PBS |
50 |
−1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) |
77 |
FFA, 96 |
95 |
161
|
| HMF |
Cu(OH)2-ER/CF |
0.1 M KOH |
50 |
−0.15 |
98.5 |
BHMF, 100 |
92.3 |
137
|
| HMF |
15%-Cu/NC900
|
1.0 M KOH (pH = 13.6) |
30 |
−0.25 |
81 |
BHMF, 94 |
— |
152
|
| HMF |
Aggd
|
0.5 M borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
20 |
−0.56 |
37 |
BHMF, 99 |
99 |
146
|
| HMF |
Ag/C |
0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
20 |
−0.56 |
42 |
BHMF, 90 |
95 |
149
|
| HMF |
AgCu |
0.5 M borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
20 |
−0.56 |
53 |
BHMF, 87 |
95 |
156
|
| HMF |
Ag/Cu foam |
0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
20 |
−0.51 |
90 |
BHMF, >99 |
94 |
154
|
| HMF |
Ag/Cu foam |
0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
50 |
−0.51 |
99 |
BHMF, 83 |
85 |
154
|
| HMF |
Ag/Cu foam |
0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
100 |
−0.51 |
99 |
BHMF, 68 |
70 |
154
|
| HMF |
Ag/Cu GD |
0.5 M borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
50 |
−0.51 |
99 |
BHMF, 87 |
85 |
157
|
| HMF |
Ru1Cu |
0.5 M PBS (pH = 7.0) |
20 |
−0.3 |
87.3 |
DHMF, 97.5 |
85.6 |
25
|
| HMF |
Ru1Cu |
0.5 M PBS (pH = 7.0) |
50 |
−0.5 |
92.4 |
DHMF, 97.0 |
89.5 |
25
|
| HMF |
Ru1Cu |
0.5 M PBS (pH = 7.0) |
100 |
−0.5 |
97.1 |
DHMF, 89.7 |
88.0 |
25
|
| HMF |
MoS2-DMA |
0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
35 |
−0.25 |
30 |
DHMF, >99 |
75 |
159
|
| HMF |
OD-Ag (H-cell) |
0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH = 9.2) |
20 |
−0.56 |
37 |
BHMF, 91.7 |
56.2 |
162
|
| FF |
Cu |
0.5 M H2SO4
|
30 |
— |
— |
MF, 80 |
— |
163
|
| FF |
Cu/Cu-400 nm |
0.5 M H2SO4
|
100 |
−0.8 |
— |
MF, — |
73 |
164
|
| −0.65 |
64 |
|
|
|
| FF |
Cu1/PC |
Acetate buffer (pH 5) |
40 |
−0.9 |
— |
MF, — |
60 |
143
|
| FF |
CuPd0.021/C |
0.1 M acetic solution (pH 2.9) |
40 |
−0.58 |
— |
MF, — |
75 |
165
|
| FF |
Ni–Cu |
0.5 M H2SO4 (pH 0.5) |
40 |
10 mA cm−2
|
— |
MF, — |
59 |
140
|
| FF |
Carbon paper |
0.1 M KOH (pH 13) |
100 |
−0.41 |
— |
HDF, ∼100 |
93 |
166
|
| FF |
Pd black |
1 M H2SO4
|
0.1 M (membrane reactor) |
200 mA cm−2, 1 h |
100 |
MTHF, 76 |
— |
167
|
| HMF |
CuNi |
0.2 M sulfate buffer (pH 2) |
2 g L−1
|
−0.46 |
— |
DMF, 91.1 |
88 |
168
|
| HMF |
Pd SA/TiO2
|
1 M PBS (pH 6.8) |
20 |
−0.6 |
62.3 |
DMF, 90.3 |
∼60 |
169
|
| HMF |
TiO2
|
1 M PBS (pH 6.8) |
20 |
−0.6 |
— |
BHH, 70.2 |
|
169
|
| HMF |
CuO/Fe2O3/CF |
0.1 M KOH (pH = 13) |
10 |
10 mA cm−2
|
72 |
MFA, ∼28 |
84 |
170
|
| HMF |
Ni |
0.5 M BBS (pH 9.2) |
20 |
−0.4 |
40.4 |
MFA, 17.8 |
— |
145
|
| HMF |
Pd/VN/CF |
0.2 M HClO4
|
10 |
20 mA, 45 min |
>90 |
BHMTHF, >88 |
>86 |
98
|
| HMF |
Zn |
0.2 M sulfate buffer (pH 2.0) |
20 |
−0.89 |
— |
HD, 72.4 |
81.6 |
171
|