Table 1.
Systematic review studies classified according to first author, year of publication, publishing institution according to the WHO regional classification, number of evaluated studies, primary studied concepts, examined process and outcome measures as well as critical appraisal of quality of evidence.
| Regions. | Systematic Reviews/Year | Approach | Primary Concept | Studies | Process Measures | Outcome Measures | * AMSTAR-2 Quality | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe (EUR) | Baur 2017 | Global | Adverse Events | 32 | No | Yes | CL | [36] |
| Chatzopoulou 2020 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 15 | Yes | Yes | CL | [37] | |
| Chatzopoulou 2022 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 29 | Yes | Yes | CL | [38] | |
| Corafa 2022 | Global | Critical Care | 13 | Yes | Yes | CL | [39] | |
| Davey 2013 | Global | Effectiveness | 89 | Yes | Yes | L | [20] | |
| Davey 2015 | Global | Behavior | 116 | Yes | No | CL | [40] | |
| Davey 2017 | Global | Safety and efficacy | 221 | Yes | Yes | H | [20] | |
| Donà 2020 | Global | Efficacy | 113 | No | Yes | CL | [41] | |
| Dik 2015 | Global | Economic impact | 95 | Yes | No | CL | [26] | |
| Helou 2020 | Global | Information Technology | 13 | No | Yes | CL | [28] | |
| Huebner 2019 | Global | Economic Impact | 16 | Yes | No | CL | [42] | |
| Kallen 2017 | Global | Quality Indicators | 14 | No | Yes | CL | [43] | |
| Lau 2022 | Global | Microbiological outcomes | 117 | Yes | Yes | CL | [19] | |
| Mas-Morey 2018 | Global | Role of Pharmacy | 28 | Yes | No | CL | [44] | |
| Micallef 2017 | Global | Information Technology | 14 | Yes | Yes | CL | [45] | |
| Monmaturapoj 2021 | Global | Role of Pharmacy | 52 | Yes | Yes | CL | [46] | |
| Monnier 2018 | Global | Quality Indicators | 70 | No | Yes | CL | [47] | |
| Nathwani 2019 | Global | Economic outcomes | 164 | Yes | Yes | CL | [48] | |
| O’Riordan 2021 | Regional | Quality Indicators | 16 | Yes | Yes | CL | [49] | |
| Porter 2021 | Global | Behavioral Factors | 14 | Yes | No | CL | [50] | |
| Pouly 2022 | Global | Behavioral Factors | 124 | Yes | Yes | CL | [51] | |
| Rajar 2021 | Global | Safety | 12 | Yes | No | H | [35] | |
| Rawson 2017 | Global | Information Technology | 58 | Yes | No | CL | [52] | |
| Rzewuska 2020 | Global | Implementation | 145 | No | Yes | CL | [53] | |
| Schuts 2016 | Global | Efficacy | 15 | Yes | Yes | CL | [54] | |
| Schuts 2021 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 145 | Yes | No | L | [25] | |
| Schweitzer 2019 | Global | Quality of studies | 825 | Yes | No | CL | [55] | |
| Stanic 2018 | Global | Metrics | 168 | Yes | Yes | CL | [56] | |
| Tacconelli 2016 | Global | Surveillance | 78 | Yes | Yes | CL | [14] | |
| Van Dijck 2018 | Global | MLIC * | 27 | Yes | No | CL | [57] | |
| Warreman 2019 | Global | Behavioral Factors | 9 | Yes | No | CL | [58] | |
| Americas (AMR) | Araujo Silva 2018 | Global | Effectiveness | 9 | Yes | Yes | L | [59] |
| Bertollo 2018 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 26 | No | Yes | CL | [60] | |
| Daniels 2021 | Global | Discharge medications. | 6 | Yes | No | CL | [61] | |
| Feazel 2014 | Global | Adverse Events | 78 | No | Yes | L | [62] | |
| Karanika 2016 | Global | Economic Impact | 26 | No | Yes | CL | [29] | |
| Kooda 2022 | Global | Role of Pharmacy | 24 | Yes | Yes | L | [18] | |
| Lindsay 2019 | Global | Critical care | 11 | No | Yes | CL | [21] | |
| Losier 2017 | Global | Emergency Department | 43 | Yes | No | CL | [17] | |
| Murray 2021 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 29 | No | Yes | CL | [63] | |
| Rennert-May 2017 | Global | Guidelines | 5 | Yes | No | CL | [64] | |
| Rittmann 2019 | Global | Information Technology | 45 | Yes | Yes | CL | [65] | |
| Smith 2015 | Global | Efficacy | 9 | No | Yes | CL | [66] | |
| Wade 2021 | Regional | HCAIs ** | 21 | Yes | Yes | CL | [67] | |
| Wagner 2014 | Regional | Efficacy | 37 | Yes | Yes | CL | [68] | |
| West Pacific Region (WPR) | Abo 2020 | Global | Efficacy | 34 | Yes | Yes | L | [69] |
| Baysari 2016 | Global | Information Technology | 45 | Yes | No | CL | [27] | |
| Honda 2017 | Regional | Safety and efficacy | 46 | No | Yes | CL | [16] | |
| Lee 2018 | Regional | Safety and efficacy | 77 | No | Yes | CL | [70] | |
| Lim 2020 | Global | National Interventions | 34 | Yes | No | CL | [71] | |
| Roman 2018 | Global | Role of Pharmacy | 15 | Yes | No | CL | [72] | |
| Siachalinga 2022 | Global | Efficacy | 28 | Yes | No | L | [73] | |
| Tabah 2016 | Regional | Critical Care | 14 | Yes | Yes | CL | [74] | |
| East Mediterranean (EMRO) | Ababneh 2021 | Regional | Implementation | 20 | Yes | Yes | CL | [15] |
| Atamna 2021 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 63 | Yes | Yes | CL | [75] | |
| Bitterman 2016 | Global | Antimicrobial consumption | 80 | Yes | No | CL | [76] | |
| Garwan 2022 | Global | Antimicrobial Switch | 36 | Yes | Yes | CL | [77] | |
| Hashad 2020 | Regional | Effectiveness | 17 | Yes | No | CL | [78] | |
| Keikha 22 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 17 | No | Yes | L | [79] | |
| Nasr 2017 | Regional | Behavioral factors | 20 | Yes | No | CL | [80] | |
| Southeast Asia (SEAR) | Ibrahim 2017 | Global | Economic Impact | 5 | No | Yes | CL | [81] |
| Teerawattanapong 2017 | Global | Antimicrobial Resistance | 42 | Yes | Yes | CL | [82] | |
| Africa (AF) | Akpan 2020 | Regional | Implementation | 13 | Yes | Yes | CL | [83] |
* AMSTAR-2: Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews, evaluation tool to review the methodological quality of systematic reviews: H; high-quality review, M; moderate, L; low, CL; critically low. * MLIC: middle- and low-income countries. ** HCAIs: healthcare-associated infections.