Figure 4.

ROS-mediated regulation of the AP-1 transcription factor family. ROS act as signaling molecules, activating AP-1 protein complexes and enhancing their transcriptional activation function. A key step in this process is the phosphorylation of the AP-1 factors by MAPKs (+P). In addition, changes in the redox state of certain conserved cysteine residues (C) have been implicated in regulating DNA binding. Subsequently, the expression of genes involved in fundamental cellular processes is regulated. Excessive amounts of ROS lead to aberrant AP-1 activation, potentially disrupting cellular homeostasis.