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ROS modulation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. ROS play a central role in the balance between Nrf2 activation and inhibition. At physiological levels, Keap1 maintains Nrf2 at low concentrations. However, at high ROS concentrations, Keap1 is oxidized at particular cysteine residues (C) and Nrf2 degradation is prevented, thereby increasing transcription of antioxidant genes via AREs and promoting defense against oxidative stress.
