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. 2024 Mar 1;13(3):312. doi: 10.3390/antiox13030312

Figure 8.

Figure 8

ROS regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. ROS serve as crucial regulators of the MAPK signaling pathway both directly by activating upstream kinases, and so enabling them to phosphorylate their downstream targets (P), and indirectly by inhibiting MAPK phosphatases via the oxidation of cysteine residues (C) on these enzymes. MAPKs can increase ROS levels, reinforcing the signal and its downstream effects.