Table 1.

Effect of heat stress on mammalian reproductive cells.

Heat Stress	Biological Effect	Cells	Reference
	⟡Enhanced accumulation of ROS, suppressed SOD, CAT, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression levels	Sertoli cells	[116]
	⟡Elevates the level of arachidonic acid which disrupts TJs and enhances oxidative stress and apoptosis ⟡Disrupts the normal process of spermatogenesis	Sertoli cells	[106]
	⟡Elevated the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)/SMAD family member (Smad2)/Smad3 pathway protein expression, causing cell apoptosis, testicular tissue organic lesions, and testicular damage and affecting testicular secretion function.	Testis	[117]
	⟡Increased the process of apoptosis by enhancing the level of Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and Caspase-3 ⟡Suppressed cell proliferation by downregulating PCNA and CyclinB1 ⟡Enhanced ROS and oxidative stress by suppressing the level of SOD ⟡Disrupted the synthesis of progesterone and estrogen by downregulation of the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), Cyp11A1	Ovarian granulosa cells	[95]
	⟡Induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling ⟡Upregulates the expression of apoptotic linked genes (caspase-3, BAX, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CHOP) and downregulates BCL2 gene expression	Mouse granulosa cells	[118]