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. 2024 Feb 22;13(3):270. doi: 10.3390/antiox13030270

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Illustration of the transcriptional factors and genes involved in the regulation of redox homeostasis (based on [5] with modifications). FOXO: forkhead box O transcription factor, PGC-1a: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator, HSF1: heat shock factor 1; HIF-1: hypoxia-inducible factor 1; p53: cellular tumor antigen 53; NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B; Nrf2: nuclear respiratory factor 2; SOD1–3: superoxide dismutase 1–3; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; Prx3,5: peroxiredoxin 3, 5; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; Trx: thioredoxin; TrxR: thioredoxin reductase; Grx: glutaredoxin; GST: glutathione S-transferase; GCL: glutamate–cysteine ligase; UCP2,3: uncoupling protein 1, 3; NQO1: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1; PIG1–13: p53-inducible genes 1–13; and ATF3: activating transcription factor 3.