Table 2.

In vivo studies of milk antibacterial compounds.

Antibacterial Molecule	Result	Reference
CAMP211-225 peptide	Antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica.	[36]
Lactalbumin	Antagonistic effects against E. coli O127 and reduction in diarrhea incidences.	[36]
Lysozyme	An increase in beneficial gut microbial diversity has been observed.	[37]
Lactoperoxidase	LPO-generated hypothiocyanite exhibited antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and its effectiveness increased in reduced-lactose milk whey.	[38]
Lactoperoxidase	LPO synergically showed antibacterial activity with Lf against drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniii in mice models.	[39]
Lysozyme	Levels of Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillaceae had been increased. Reduction in Firmicutes, Mycobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Campylobacter was observed.	[40]
Lysozyme	Increased levels of Lactobacillus and mucosal IgA responses had been observed. Faster recovery, lower morbidity, and less mortality from ETEC infection were also noted.	[41]
Lysozyme	Improvement in weaning weight, intestinal health, and levels of Lactobacillus had been observed in the group fed with 1.0 g/kg LZ for 14 days.	[42]
Lactoferrin	Lf exhibits antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli O157:H7. Its antimicrobial mechanisms comprise bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and anti-adhesion effects.	[43]
Lactoferrin	After four injections, complete eradication of S. aureus had not yet been achieved; however, viable bacterial counts demonstrated a two-log decrease following treatments with Lf and/or penicillin G.	[44]
Lactoferricin	Bactericidal activity against S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was observed with lactoferricin, showing a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.0–2.0 μg/mL for S. aureus and 4.0–8.0 μg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	[45]
Lactoferrampin	Lactoferrampin displayed a wide-ranging antibacterial efficacy against various bacterial strains; however, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguis exhibited resistance to this peptide.	[46]
Lactoferricin	Bactericidal activity against E. coli and E. faecalis strains was observed with lactoferricin, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5–1.0 μg/mL for E. coli and 2.0–4.0 μg/mL for E. faecalis.	[47]
Lactoperoxidase	Decreases in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria levels, notably E. coli and Pseudomonas species, occur with the addition of external hydrogen peroxide supplementation.	[48]
Immunoglobulin	The IgY protected fully inhibited diarrhea induced by enterotoxigenic E. coli in challenged piglets.	[49]
β-lactoglobulin	Bovine β-lactoglobulin displayed growth inhibition against S. aureus; however, it did not exhibit effectiveness against E. coli. Moreover, it demonstrated inhibitory activity against Streptococcus uberis.	[50]